Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : COMLEX-USA
Exam Name : Osteopathic Physician
Vendor Name : Medical
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COMLEX-USA exam Format | COMLEX-USA Course Contents | COMLEX-USA Course Outline | COMLEX-USA exam Syllabus | COMLEX-USA exam Objectives


Test Detail:
The COMLEX-USA (Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing exam of the United States) is a series of three exams designed to assess the knowledge and clinical skills of osteopathic physicians. The COMLEX-USA exam is administered by the National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners (NBOME). The following description provides an overview of the COMLEX-USA exam.

Course Outline:
To prepare for the COMLEX-USA exam, candidates typically complete a comprehensive medical education program, including preclinical and clinical coursework, as well as clinical rotations in various specialties. The coursework covers a wide range of medical topics, including anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, pathology, and clinical medicine. The curriculum is designed to provide students with a strong foundation in medical knowledge and clinical skills necessary for osteopathic practice.

Exam Objectives:
The COMLEX-USA exam aims to assess the candidate's proficiency in various domains of osteopathic medical practice. The exam objectives include the following:

1. Osteopathic Principles and Practice (OPP):
- Knowledge and application of osteopathic principles
- Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) skills and techniques
- Understanding the integration of osteopathic principles in patient care

2. Biomedical Sciences:
- Knowledge and understanding of basic medical sciences, including anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, microbiology, and pathology
- Integration of basic science principles in clinical decision-making

3. Clinical Skills and Patient Care:
- Clinical exam and diagnostic skills
- Patient management and treatment planning
- Effective communication and interpersonal skills with patients and healthcare team members

4. Clinical Medicine:
- Diagnosis and management of common medical conditions
- Understanding of various medical specialties and subspecialties
- Application of evidence-based medicine in clinical practice

Exam Syllabus:
The COMLEX-USA exam syllabus covers a broad range of medical knowledge and clinical skills. The syllabus includes courses from various medical disciplines, including:

- Anatomy and embryology
- Physiology and pathophysiology
- Biochemistry and molecular biology
- Pharmacology and therapeutics
- Microbiology and immunology
- Pathology and laboratory medicine
- Osteopathic principles and practice
- Clinical medicine and differential diagnosis
- Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT)

The COMLEX-USA exam is divided into three levels: Level 1, Level 2-Cognitive Evaluation (CE), and Level 2-Performance Evaluation (PE). Each level assesses different aspects of medical knowledge and clinical skills. The exam format includes multiple-choice questions, clinical case simulations, and hands-on practical exams for OMT skills.



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Medical Osteopathic questions

 

What's the Difference Between an MD and DO?

No result found, try new keyword!Though doctors of osteopathic medicine, or DOs ... Monka spoke with his patient further – discussing a range of questions about lifestyle, duration of pain or any prior injuries – and examined ...

Ohio doctor who claimed Covid vaccines make people magnetic has licence suspended

An Ohio doctor who claimed that the Covid vaccine “magnetised” people and promoted 5G conspiracy theories has had her medical licence suspended by the state’s medical board.

Dr Sherri Tenpenny made headlines when she testified before the Ohio state legislature in June 2021 in favour of a bill that would prohibit any Ohio business or school from mandating vaccines.

“I’m sure you’ve seen the pictures all over the Internet of people who have had these shots and now they’re magnetised,” Dr Tenpenny said at the time. “They can put a key on their forehead. It sticks. They can put spoons and forks all over them and they can stick, because now they think that there’s a metal piece to that.”

Now she has also been fined $3,000, according to an order from the State Medical Board of Ohio. She is able to file for an appeal on the decision within 15 days after the date the notice was mailed.

Last month, the Board said that it proposed to take disciplinary action against her license to practice osteopathic medicine and surgery in the state, due to allegations that she “failed to respond to an investigator’s attempts to contact her, failed to respond to interrogatories from the Board, failed to appear at a deposition, and failed to appear at an investigative office conference.”

The Board said it received “approximately 350 complaints regarding Dr Tenpenny”, which caused it to launch an investigation.

In 2021, the osteopathic doctor came under heavy scrutiny from officials for her position on vaccines.

On 7 September 2021, Dr Tenpenny was mailed the Board’s “First Set of Interrogatories,” which asked about her recommendations concerning vaccines, as well as “specifically ask how many doses of COVID-19 vaccines she had provided and whether she had personally received a COVID-19 vaccine.”

It also asked what scientific evidence the doctor had—and requested she cite her sources— regarding her claims. One such claim, according to the Board was that “COVID-19 vaccines causing people to become magnetized or creating an interface with 5G towers.”

Another claim Dr Tenpenny made was “regarding the COVID-19 vaccine not injecting a real virus but strips of genetic material and patients suffering complications such as abnormal bleedings, myocarditis, strokes, and neurological complications.”

On top of these, she allegedly said that “some major metropolitan areas [were] liquifying dead bodies and pouring them into the water supply,” the Board wrote.

Weeks later, on 20 September 2021, Dr Tenpenny notified the Board via her attorney that she found the interrogatories “invasive,” stating she refused to answer their questions.

According to the Board, her attorney wrote, “declining to cooperate in the Board’s bad faith and unjustified assault on her licensure, livelihood, and constitutional rights cannot be construed as an admission of any allegations against her.”

The following month, the Board sent Dr Tenpenny a subpoena, ordering her to appear in November for an investigatory deposition. Through her lawyer, the doctor again said that she refused to participate.

By June 2022, the Board directed her via letter to attend an investigative office conference in July at the Board’s office; Dr Tenpenny never replied to the letter nor showed up at the conference, the Board wrote.


This doctor said vaccines magnetize people. Ohio suspended her medical license.

No result found, try new keyword!Dr. Amol Soin, a pain management specialist and board member, said at the hearing that the suspension has nothing to do with vaccines, magnets, or cell towers, but about the board’s basic duty to ...
 




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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug