Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Financial CPFO : Certified Public Finance Officer (Governmental Accounting, Auditing, and Financial Reporting) exam Dumps

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Exam Number : CPFO
Exam Name : Certified Public Finance Officer (Governmental Accounting, Auditing, and Financial Reporting)
Vendor Name : Financial
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CPFO exam Format | CPFO Course Contents | CPFO Course Outline | CPFO exam Syllabus | CPFO exam Objectives

Test Detail:
The CPFO (Certified Public Finance Officer) certification is designed to validate the knowledge and expertise of individuals in the field of governmental accounting, auditing, and financial reporting. Here is a detailed overview of the CPFO certification, including the number of questions and time, course outline, exam objectives, and exam syllabus.

Number of Questions and Time:
The exact number of questions and time allotted for the CPFO certification may vary. However, typically, the exam consists of multiple-choice questions that assess the candidate's understanding of governmental accounting, auditing, and financial reporting. The duration of the exam may vary, but it is typically completed within a specified time limit, such as two to three hours.

Course Outline:
The CPFO certification course covers a comprehensive range of courses related to governmental accounting, auditing, and financial reporting. The specific course outline may include the following components:

1. Governmental Accounting and Financial Reporting:
- Introduction to governmental accounting principles and standards
- Fund accounting and financial statement preparation
- Budgeting and financial planning in the public sector
- Cash and debt management in government entities

2. Governmental Auditing and Internal Controls:
- Introduction to governmental auditing principles and standards
- Compliance auditing and performance auditing
- Internal controls in government organizations
- Audit planning, execution, and reporting

3. Financial Analysis and Reporting:
- Financial statement analysis for government entities
- Ratio analysis and financial performance evaluation
- Cost analysis and cost allocation in the public sector
- Long-term financial planning and capital budgeting

4. Governmental Financial Management:
- Revenue generation and taxation in government entities
- Debt management and capital financing strategies
- Grants and intergovernmental financial management
- Risk management and insurance in the public sector

Exam Objectives:
The objectives of the CPFO certification exam are to assess the candidate's knowledge and understanding of governmental accounting, auditing, and financial reporting principles, practices, and regulations. The specific objectives include:

- Evaluating the candidate's knowledge of governmental accounting principles and standards.
- Assessing the candidate's understanding of governmental auditing principles and techniques.
- Testing the candidate's ability to analyze and interpret financial statements of government entities.
- Evaluating the candidate's knowledge of financial management practices and strategies in the public sector.

Exam Syllabus:
The CPFO exam syllabus outlines the specific courses and subtopics that will be covered in the exam. The syllabus may include:

- Governmental accounting principles and standards (e.g., GASB standards)
- Fund accounting and financial statement preparation for government entities
- Governmental auditing principles and standards (e.g., GAGAS)
- Financial analysis and performance evaluation of government entities
- Governmental financial management practices and strategies
- Compliance auditing and internal controls in government organizations

It is important to note that the specific content and format of the CPFO certification exam may vary based on the certification provider or organization offering the certification. It is recommended to refer to the official CPFO certification program website or authorized training providers for the most up-to-date and detailed information regarding the specific CPFO certification exam you are planning to take.

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6 tips for staying afloat financially during a strike

As The Washington Post described it, summer 2023 is the "summer of strikes." There's the double strike from writers and actors in Hollywood, alongside strikes actualized or threatened by digital news employees, brewery workers and unionized UPS workers. And come fall, the season of strikes could continue. United Auto Workers, which represents workers at Ford, GM and Stellantis, could go on strike when its new contract expires, Nerdwallet reported.

Even if you don't think your industry has plans to go on strike anytime soon, there's also the looming threat of a potential government shutdown, and furloughs and layoffs are always a possibility. If you're in a situation where your regular paycheck suddenly isn't coming in, it's smart to know in advance what to do.

1. Ensure you have funds to tap into

Financial experts always stress the importance of an emergency fund, and that savings becomes especially vital in the event of a strike. The general rule of thumb for saving is three to six months' worth of expenses, but that's not always within reach. Instead, the Post suggested aiming to "save enough to cover at least two missed paychecks." And then if that's even too much, the Post suggested aiming lower to just be able to "survive at least a month without a paycheck."

When it comes to figuring out exactly how much money that requires stashing away, the Post suggests skipping the nitty-gritty calculations. Instead, "just focus on necessities, such as food and housing expenses," as there are some situations where you can "let some things go for a little while so that you can keep a roof over your head and food on the table," the Post said.

When you apply via their links, they may earn an affiliate commission.

2. Study up to determine what help is available

According to Nerdwallet, "Unions typically set up a strike fund to help members cope with the loss of income during a strike," and "each union has rules about how much members can draw from it." If you know a strike is imminent, it's helpful to have a handle on that in advance of your last paycheck.

Other matters to dig into in advance include what happens to your health insurance coverage if your employer stops covering its portion of the premiums. Per Nerdwallet, "Striking workers can elect to continue their health coverage on their own dime under COBRA, a federal law that temporarily requires employers to extend coverage after employment ends," and some unions may even help its members with these costs.

Last but not least, familiarize yourself with local laws on unemployment benefits. Even though it's not all that common, "some states allow striking workers to collect unemployment, depending on the circumstances," Nerdwallet reported.

3. Keep your eye out for new ways to cut spending

As you prepare for or adjust to a new financial reality, it's helpful to keep your spending as lean as possible. After all, you might not know how long you'll be in your current situation.

Per the Post, reviewing your budget for "bloating" is something you should be doing regularly already, but that practice becomes especially essential if your paychecks are no longer coming in. So sooner than later, look through your budget and find any unnecessary spending that you could cut out, such as from subscriptions you don't necessarily need, and then add those savings to that aforementioned emergency fund. Because as the Post pointed out, "Even tiny amounts add up and can have a big impact if you lose your job or have to weather a layoff or strike."

4. Consider fresh ways to earn income

Especially if an end isn't in sight, you might start looking out for new ways to start bringing in money. This doesn't necessarily mean getting a new full-time job either, especially if you're just waiting out a strike. For example, sell stuff you don't need or aren't using, sign on for a seasonal job, or turn to an app to get a flexible new gig, according to Nerdwallet.

5. Don't worry too much about debt for now

This might feel counterintuitive to every bit of financial advice you've ever received, but right before or during a pause in income is not the time to worry about paying down your debt. You'll want to make pay at least the minimum amount due to avoid adding late fees to your balance, but beyond that, hold off on an "aggressive push to get rid of your debt" in favor of maintaining a "sufficient cash cushion," per the Post. Indeed, in this situation, the only time you should consider making extra payments toward your debt is once your emergency fund is fully stocked, advised the Post.

6. Ask for help

Last but not least, don't hesitate to ask for help. This is understandably a tough time and one you shouldn't have to weather alone. You might consider "researching community resources that could help you stay afloat," as some "can help with bills or accessing food and mental health services," per Nerdwallet.

And while it might seem like an unlikely place to turn, it's also worthwhile to stay in touch with your creditors. According to the Post, it's helpful that you "don't wait until you get behind before notifying your creditors" and instead ask in advance for a "reprieve on your bill." Not sure how to approach that conversation? Here's what the Post suggested: "Explain your situation — I'm on strike, I've been furloughed — and see if you can get a month or even two months of forbearance." And as long as your situation drags on, keep on calling back to continue that conversation. At the end of the day, the worst they can say is 'no.'

Becca Stanek has worked as an editor and writer in the personal finance space since 2017. She has previously served as the managing editor for investing and savings content at LendingTree, an editor at SmartAsset and a staff writer for The Week.

5 Things Retirees Fear Too Much

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
Mehrkosten
Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
Cyber-Erpressung
Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
Ersatz-IT-Hardware
Cyber-Betrug