Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : CPHRM
Exam Name : AHA Certified Professional in Healthcare Risk Management
Vendor Name : Healthcare
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CPHRM exam Format | CPHRM Course Contents | CPHRM Course Outline | CPHRM exam Syllabus | CPHRM exam Objectives
- Assess the current state of patient safety and staff awareness within the organization
- Collaborate on proactive patient safety initiatives
- FMEA
- RCA
- Safety Culture
- Just Culture
- Design, implement, and maintain educational programs on risk management and patient safety related topics
- Promote a culture of patient safety through education, policy development, and standardization of processes
- Educate providers, staff, employees, patients and families on the role of patients and families in improving patient safety and reducing risk
- Coach physicians, leaders, managers, and staff on appropriate disclosure methods and processes
- Participate in critical incident debriefing
- Participate in the development of corrective action plans and supervise follow-up of recommended improvements
- stemming from risk exams
- audits and investigations of reported incidents
- Provide guidance to staff regarding any of the following:
- disruptive patient, family member and/or visitors
- informed consent
- substitute (Surrogate) Decision Makers
- minors consent
- release of information
- law enforcement
- subpoenas
- attorneys
- search warrants
- abuse allegations
- advance directives/orders for life sustaining treatment
- Manage an incident reporting and data analysis system for patient safety, patient complaints, and other risk events
- Provide risk management consultation for specific ethical dilemmas
- Maintain awareness of patient safety initiatives occurring locally and nationally
- Review documentation and assist providers/staff with appropriate documentation to mitigate risk
- Manage a broad comprehensive insurance program including such activities as captive management
- insurance
- insurance purchasing
- insurance consulting
- administering self‐insured coverages
- managing or coordinating the management of claims for all lines of insurance
- Oversee the investigation of accidents or circumstances that could lead to financial loss
- professional
- institutional
- general liability
- product liability
- Analyze historical loss experience; address trends
- Develop enterprise risk financing strategies to address the organization's areas of exposure
- general liability (GL)
- professional liability (PL)
- cyber liability
- Provide recommendations to reduce risk in contracts, ensuring adequate controls and obligations for insurance coverage are appropriate to the risk
- Ensure timely reporting of incidents according to insurance policy language
- Promote compliance with federal and state laws and regulations through policy development, guidance, or education
- Promote compliance with federal and state laws and regulations governing patient confidentiality through policy development
- guidance
- education including protected health information (PHI)
- Promote compliance with federal and state reporting requirements through policy development, guidance, or education
- abuse of vulnerable populations
- Promote compliance with federal and state reporting requirements governing violence in the workplace through policy development, guidance, or education
- Promote compliance with federal and state regulations/organization policy regarding the investigation and resolution of patient complaints or grievances through policy development, guidance, or education
- Collaborate with other departments by preparing and conducting quality and/or risk exams to maintain a constant state of accreditation readiness
- Promote compliance with laws and regulations governing involuntary detention of patients through policy development, guidance, or education
- Promote compliance with the requirements of the following federal acts/regulations through policy development, guidance, or education:
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
- Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA/COBRA)
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
- National Practitioner Data Bank (NPDB)
- Safe Medical Device Act (SMDA)
- Design a risk management data collection/analysis system to ensure timely reporting and monitoring of:
- device reporting and tracking logs
- regulatory inquiries
- Collaborate in the development of the organization's regulatory compliance plan to ensure workforce compliance of all applicable accreditation standards
- Promote, in partnership with Patient Safety and Medical Staff departments, programs that address provider and staff behavioral issues are culturally, legally and psychologically sound and non-discriminatory
- Participate in the development of responses to questions from regulatory and licensing agencies, and insurance companies
- Collaborate with leaders and security personnel on workplace violence prevention
- Conduct risk exams to identify exposures related to new and existing services and enterprise‐wide services
- Establish a method for planning, evaluating, selecting, management, and on‐going evaluation of enterprise wide event reports of harm or near‐harm incidents
- Supervise and develop risk management staff
- Develop/maintain risk management department specific policies and procedures and modify as required
- Coordinate risk activities for the organization
- Develop annual institutional goals for the risk program/department
- Evaluate the effectiveness of risk management activities
- Develop policies and procedures for acceptance of legal documents
- summons
- complaints
- subpoenas
- court orders
- Support patient safety committee meetings by collecting and formulating relevant information to facilitate decision-making process
- Participate in professional association activities
- Understand the peer review, credentialing and privileging process
- Provide education/in‐service for staff, patients, families, communities on patients rights
- end of life decisions
- Collaborate on the development of policies and procedures which provide direction to the organization on subjects which have a significant degree of risk
- Privacy
- Informed Consent
- Infection Prevention
- Documentation
- Telemedicine
- Maintain data collection and analysis systems including elements of reports of Potential Compensatory Events (PCEs), open and closed claims and loss runs
- Notify carriers and/or third-party claims and litigation department or administrators of potential compensatory events or real claims
- Participate in claims management activities
- assignment of counsel
- setting loss reserves
- respond to discovery requests/interrogatories
- preparation and attendance for depositions
- mediation
- arbitration
- trials
- evidence/record preservation and management
- review and approve legal expenses
- Participate in evaluating claims to determine exposure to organization and the appropriate method for resolution
- Inform administration of high exposure cases and aggregate claims experience, including any impact to the risk financing program.
- Manage and maintain all information related to a potential or real legal case under attorney/client privilege and protected from discoverability
- Manage the response to service of process and notify appropriate parties of such service
- Support insured defendants through all phases of the litigation process
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug