Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : CPIM
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CPIM exam Format | CPIM Course Contents | CPIM Course Outline | CPIM exam Syllabus | CPIM exam Objectives
Test Detail:
The CPIM (Certified in Production and Inventory Management) certification is offered by APICS (Association for Supply Chain Management) and is designed to validate the knowledge and skills of professionals in the field of production and inventory management. The CPIM certification consists of two parts: CPIM Part 1 and CPIM Part 2. This description focuses on CPIM Part 1.
Course Outline:
The CPIM Part 1 course provides a comprehensive overview of production and inventory management concepts and practices. The following is a general outline of the key areas covered:
1. Basics of Supply Chain Management:
- Introduction to supply chain management and its importance in organizations.
- Understanding the interdependencies between various functions within the supply chain.
- Key supply chain performance metrics and their measurement.
2. Demand Management:
- Techniques for forecasting customer demand.
- Demand management strategies and their impact on production and inventory planning.
- Collaborative demand planning and sales and operations planning (S&OP) processes.
3. Master Planning:
- Creating a master production schedule (MPS) and material requirements planning (MRP) process.
- Capacity planning and management.
- Dealing with constraints and considering lead times.
4. Material Requirements Planning (MRP):
- Detailed understanding of the MRP process.
- Bill of materials (BOM) management and explosion.
- Managing inventory levels and reorder points.
5. Capacity Management and Production Activity Control:
- Capacity planning techniques.
- Shop floor scheduling and control.
- Lean manufacturing principles and techniques.
Exam Objectives:
The CPIM Part 1 exam evaluates the candidate's knowledge and understanding of the following key areas:
1. Basics of supply chain management and its importance in organizations.
2. Demand management techniques and strategies.
3. Master planning, including MPS and MRP processes.
4. Material requirements planning and inventory management.
5. Capacity management and production activity control.
Exam Syllabus:
The CPIM Part 1 exam syllabus provides a detailed breakdown of the syllabus covered in each exam objective. It includes specific concepts, models, and techniques that candidates should be familiar with. The syllabus may cover the following areas:
- Introduction to supply chain management
- Demand forecasting and management
- Master scheduling and materials planning
- Inventory management and control
- Capacity planning and management
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Maintenance Production information hunger
Hunger and LivelihoodsSave the Children’s research suggests that income shortages in poorer households, when combined with shocks such as natural disasters or conflict, reinforce poor health and nutrition and thereby lead to higher rates of child deaths. Hunger also keeps children out of school and limits their ability to concentrate once in school. Studies conducted by Save the Children indicate that learning achievement among children from poor families is systemically lower than their peers. An increasing number of young people live in a state of poverty, unemployment and/or underemployment. Over one-fourth of young people in the world cannot find a job paying more than $1.25 per day, the international threshold of extreme poverty. Three quarters of young workers ages 15-29 are employed in the informal sector, increasing the possibility of exploitative or hazardous working conditions. Save the Children’s Household Economy Approach (HEA) outcome analyses have found that the cycle of vulnerability due to chronic hunger and a lack of livelihoods security may lead poorer households and children to pursue unsustainable and dangerous livelihoods opportunities, to withdraw children from school, or to encourage early child marriage or harmful child labor. Food security, livelihoods protection and strengthening, and poverty alleviation programs are an essential underpinning to ensuring the survival, education and protection of children, such that the intergenerational cycle of poverty can be broken. To address this, Save the Children: World hunger and famineWhen disaster strikes, Oxfam works with a global network of local organizations to address urgent humanitarian needs and protect lives. They deliver food, clean water, cash, and information, working closely with local leaders who know how best to help people in need. But the COVID-19 pandemic has also revealed the fragility of their food systems. That's why Oxfam is working with local communities across the world to build resilient and sustainable local food systems able to provide nourishing food for everyone to solve world hunger. Building livelihoodsIn order to stop world hunger, Oxfam and their partners help farmers learn new techniques, share their innovative ideas with each other, grow more food, and earn more money. And when sudden disasters (an earthquake or an upsurge of locusts), or slow-onset emergencies such as drought bring hunger and the threat of famine, they help people rebuild the ways they make a living so they can put food on the table. For farmers, they provide seeds, tools, and other supplies people need to grow their own food, keep their livestock healthy, and become self-sufficient. In many emergencies, Oxfam provides cash so people can make their own food purchasing decisions, to ensure they can get what will help them best (and circulate money in the local economy). Providing water, sanitation, and hygieneCommunities enduring emergencies and food shortages may also face a lack of clean water and the threat of disease. It’s hard to absorb nutrition from any available food if you have a stomach ailment. Oxfam and their partners help people with a source of clean water, soap so they can stay clean, and a proper toilet to avoid contaminating water supplies. In many of Oxfam’s ongoing programs, their partners work on promoting good hygiene and sanitation to help people stay healthy even when there is not an emergency. Advocating with and for communitiesOxfam and their supporters advocate for peace, push for adequate assistance for people affected by war and famine, and campaign for climate action given the climate crisis' effect on the world’s supply of food and the poorest communities. Our research and advocacy advance sustainable development in ways that help reduce the risk of future food crises and disasters, helping communities become more resilient. We also advocate for more assistance for rural women farmers, who account for nearly half the agricultural workforce in developing countries. Despite their crucial roles in producing food, they face discrimination and limited bargaining power, disadvantages in land rights, unpaid work, insecure employment, and exclusion from decision making and political representation. Find out what you can do to reduce hunger and the likelihood of famine in the world. Visit their Take Action page to sign up for a virtual event, add your name to a petition or contact your member of Congress to push for better policies, and join their E-Community. You can also make a donation towards hunger relief: Your financial contribution can help fight hunger and famine, so they can defeat poverty and injustice. How to help: New Hampshire Tackles Hunger 2023How to help: New Hampshire Tackles Hunger 2023 ![]() Updated: 9:31 AM EDT Aug 23, 2023 WMUR is once again teaming up with the New Hampshire Food Bank, Dead River Company and high school athletic departments to tackle hunger in New Hampshire! The high school football teams will be picking an upcoming football game to collect food and raise money for the local food pantries in their community. Over the last 10 years, this project has collected more than 842,000 pounds of food for local food pantries. The drive kicks off Friday, Aug. 25, at the Queen City Jamboree at Gill Stadium in Manchester, where the NH Food Bank will be collecting donations. >> To donate cash, visit https://www.nhfoodbank.org/nh-tackles-hunger/ <<NEEDED ITEMS FruitsCanned tropical fruits (oranges, grapefruits, pineapples, mangoes, etc.)Canned apples, canned pearsCanned stone fruits (apricots, peaches, cherries)Apple sauceVegetablesCanned red/orange: peppers, carrots, beets, tomatoes, pumpkin Canned mushroomsGreen: Canned asparagus, green beans, peas, artichokes, spinachStarchy: canned corn, potatoesProteinDried or canned beans (chickpeas, black beans, kidney beans, etc.)Dried or canned lentilsCanned tuna or other canned fishCanned chickenPeanut and other nut buttersMixed nutsWhole GrainsBrown or wild riceQuinoaBarley or farroRolled oatsWhole wheat pasta, crackers, oatmealOtherSoup or broths (low sodium)Herbs and spicesSparkling water or seltzerShelf-stable milk OR nondairy milk100% fruit juiceSCHEDULE OF GAMES WHEN COLLECTIONS WILL OCCUR Friday, Sept. 15Portsmouth vs. DoverMerrimack Valley vs. PlymouthBedford vs. KeeneMonadnock vs. InterlakesSaturday, Sept. 16Epping vs. Fall MountainFriday, Sept. 22Pinkerton vs. LondonderryKingswood vs. EppingNashua North vs. Nashua SouthManchester Memorial vs. PortsmouthSaturday, Sept. 23John Stark vs. Manchester WestMascoma Valley vs. Bishop BradyHollis Brookline vs. PelhamKennett vs. St Thomas AquinasFriday, Sept. 29Pelham vs. Hillsboro DeeringSaturday, Sept 30Gilford vs. LaconiaKeene vs. GoffstownSaturday, Oct. 7Franklin vs. Mascoma ValleyInter-Lakes vs. Epping-NewmarketADDITIONAL INFORMATIONDead River Company is collecting food donations at the following locations:159 Elm Street, Manchester452 Winchester Street, Keene432 Route 108, Somersworth27 Hill Road, Franklin30 Pleasant Street, Bristol329 Highland Street, Plymouth2300 Dartmouth College Hwy, Rte 10, North Haverhill20 Hall Avenue, Henniker (Ayer & Goss)49 Shirking Road, Epping (Buxton Oil) TACKLES HUNGER PARTNERSNew Hampshire Food Bank Dead River CompanyAgain, to donate cash, please visit https://www.nhfoodbank.org/nh-tackles-hunger/. MANCHESTER, N.H. —WMUR is once again teaming up with the New Hampshire Food Bank, Dead River Company and high school athletic departments to tackle hunger in New Hampshire! The high school football teams will be picking an upcoming football game to collect food and raise money for the local food pantries in their community. Over the last 10 years, this project has collected more than 842,000 pounds of food for local food pantries. The drive kicks off Friday, Aug. 25, at the Queen City Jamboree at Gill Stadium in Manchester, where the NH Food Bank will be collecting donations. >> To donate cash, visit https://www.nhfoodbank.org/nh-tackles-hunger/ << NEEDED ITEMS FruitsDead River Company is collecting food donations at the following locations: Again, to donate cash, please visit https://www.nhfoodbank.org/nh-tackles-hunger/. |
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug