Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : CPSM-Exam-3
Exam Name : Leadership and Transformation in Supply Management
Vendor Name : ISM
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Total MCQs : Check Questions

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CPSM-Exam-3 test Format | CPSM-Exam-3 Course Contents | CPSM-Exam-3 Course Outline | CPSM-Exam-3 test Syllabus | CPSM-Exam-3 test Objectives


Exam Name: CPSM test 3: Leadership in Supply Management
Number of Questions: 165 multiple-choice questions.
Duration: 3 hours (180 minutes).
Passing Score: The passing score is determined by ISM and is based on a scaled scoring system.
Delivery Method: The test is administered online through a proctored testing platform.

- Leadership Principles and Practices
- Leadership styles
- transformational
- transactional
- servant leadership
- Emotional intelligence (EQ) and its role in leadership.
- Building and leading high-performing teams.
- Decision-making and problem-solving techniques.
- Conflict resolution and negotiation skills.
- Mentoring and coaching team members.

- Visionary leadership.
- Situational leadership.
- Stakeholder management.
- Active listening.
- Empowerment.
- Accountability.

- Strategic Thinking and Planning
- Aligning supply management goals with organizational strategy.
- SWOT analysis
- Strengths
- Weaknesses
- Opportunities
- Threats
- Long-term planning and forecasting.
- Scenario planning and risk exam.
- Competitive advantage through supply chain innovation.
- Strategic provider partnerships.

- Strategic alignment.
- Value chain analysis.
- Core competencies.
- Balanced scorecard.
- PESTLE analysis
- Political
- Economic
- Social
- Technological
- Legal
- Environmental
- Disruptive innovation.

- Change Management
- Leading organizational change initiatives.
- Change management models
- ADKAR
- Kotters 8-Step Model
- Overcoming resistance to change.
- Communicating change effectively.
- Building a culture of adaptability and resilience.
- Measuring the success of change initiatives.

- Change readiness.
- Stakeholder buy-in.
- Change champions.
- Continuous improvement.
- Organizational agility.
- Change impact exam.

- Communication and Influence
- Effective communication strategies.
- Persuasion and influencing skills.
- Cross-functional collaboration.
- Negotiation techniques for win-win outcomes.
- Building trust and credibility.
- Managing difficult conversations.

- Active listening.
- Non-verbal communication.
- Stakeholder mapping.
- Influence without authority.
- Consensus building.
- Conflict resolution.

- Talent Development and Succession Planning
- Identifying and developing talent within the supply management function.
- Succession planning for key roles.
- Training and development programs.
- Performance management and feedback.
- Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in talent management.
- Retaining top talent.

- Competency frameworks.
- Career pathing.
- 360-degree feedback.
- Mentorship programs.
- Talent pipeline.
- Employee engagement.

- Ethical Leadership and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
- Ethical decision-making in supply management.
- Corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives.
- Sustainable and ethical sourcing practices.
- Compliance with laws and regulations.
- Building a culture of integrity.
- Addressing ethical dilemmas.

- Code of conduct.
- Whistleblower policies.
- Conflict of interest.
- Fair trade.
- Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria.
- Anti-corruption policies.

- Innovation and Digital Transformation
- Driving innovation in supply management.
- Leveraging technology for competitive advantage.
- Digital transformation strategies.
- Implementing emerging technologies
- AI
- blockchain
- IoT
- Managing resistance to technological change.
- Measuring the ROI of innovation initiatives.

- Disruptive technology.
- Automation (RPA - Robotic Process Automation).
- Predictive analytics.
- Digital twins.
- Industry 4.0.
- Innovation ecosystems.

- Financial Acumen for Leaders
- Understanding financial statements
- balance sheet
- income statement
- Budgeting and resource allocation.
- Cost management and reduction strategies.
- Financial risk management.
- Capital investment decisions.
- Communicating financial performance to stakeholders.

- Return on Investment (ROI).
- Net Present Value (NPV).
- Cost-benefit analysis.
- Working capital.
- Profit margins.
- Economic Value Added (EVA).

- Global Leadership and Cultural Competence
- Leading global and cross-cultural teams.
- Understanding cultural differences and their impact on business.
- Managing global supply chains.
- Navigating geopolitical risks.
- Building inclusive and diverse teams.
- Effective communication in a global context.

- Cultural intelligence (CQ).
- Geopolitical risk.
- Global mindset.
- Cross-cultural negotiation.
- Localization vs. standardization.
- Global trade compliance.

- Risk Management and Resilience
- Identifying and mitigating risks in supply management.
- Building resilient supply chains.
- Crisis management and business continuity planning.
- Cybersecurity risks and mitigation.
- provider risk management.
- Scenario planning for risk preparedness.

- Risk appetite.
- Risk matrix.
- Contingency planning.
- Supply chain resilience.
- Force majeure.
- provider audits.

- Performance Measurement and Continuous Improvement
- Developing and tracking key performance indicators (KPIs).
- Benchmarking and best practices.
- Continuous improvement methodologies
- Lean
- Six Sigma
- Process optimization and reengineering.
- Data-driven decision-making.
- Aligning performance metrics with strategic goals.

- Balanced scorecard.
- Root cause analysis.
- PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act).
- Process mapping.
- Cycle time reduction.
- Value stream mapping.

- Collaboration and Relationship Management
- Building strong relationships with internal and external stakeholders.
- Collaborative innovation with suppliers and partners.
- Managing cross-functional teams.
- Conflict resolution and negotiation.
- Building trust and credibility.
- Aligning stakeholder expectations.

- Stakeholder engagement.
- provider relationship management (SRM).
- Cross-functional collaboration.
- Win-win negotiation.
- Trust-building.
- Partnership models.



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug