Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Financial CTFA : Certified Trust and Financial Advisor (CTFA) ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS

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Exam Number : CTFA
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CTFA test Format | CTFA Course Contents | CTFA Course Outline | CTFA test Syllabus | CTFA test Objectives

The knowledge areas knowledge areas

I. Fiduciary & Trust A. Nature and Characteristics 1. Trusts 2. Estates 3. Guardianships/ Conservatorships 4. Custodians 5. Financial and 6. Agencies B. Formal Requisites 1. Written Agreements or Documents 2. Trust Situs 3. Acceptance of 4. Disclaiming of Interest C. Fiduciary Responsibilities 1. Powers 2. Duties 3. Uniform Acts/Codes 4. Safekeeping of Assets 5. Environmental Issues D. Investment Responsibilities 1. Investment Powers 2. Investment Types & Restrictions 3. Sale/Retention 4. Prudent Investor E. Receipts, Payments 1. Duty in Making 2. Uniform Principal & Income Act F. Accounting and Compensation 1. Duty to Keep Records 2. Duty to Furnish Information to Beneficiaries 3. Duty to Render Court Accountings 4. Fiduciary Compensation G. Alteration or 1. Power to Change Terms 2. Power to Revoke or Terminate H. Regulatory/Compliance 1. Due Diligence 2. Know Your Customer 3. Privacy Issues 4. Bank Secrecy Act 5. OCC Regulation 9 6. Securities Laws II. Financial Planning (25%) A. Personal Finance 1. Time Value of Money Principles 2. Statement of 3. Cash Flow Management 4. Debt Management 5. Investment Planning 6. Education Planning 7. Health Care & Disability Planning B. Retirement 1. Capital Sufficiency 2. Investment Strategies 3. Wealth Accumulation & Distribution 4. Social Security & Other Programs 5. IRAs 6. Qualified and non-Qualified Plans 7. Income Needs & Sources C. Insurance 1. Life Insurance 2. Long Term Care Insurance 3. Disability 4. Annuities 5. Health Insurance 6. Property/Casualty Insurance 7. Insurance Company, D. Transfer Assistance 1. Wealth Transfer During Lifetime 2. The Flow of Property at Death 3. Business Succession Planning 4. Planning Documents 5. Planning Considerations 6. Charitable Giving Strategies 7. Special Needs Planning E. Financial Modeling 1. Risk Assessment 2. Asset Allocation III. Tax Law & Planning (25%) A. Income Tax 1. Individuals 2. Fiduciaries 3. Charitable Trusts, 4. Business B. Transfer Tax 1. Gift Tax 2. Estate Tax 3. Generation-Skipping IV. Investment Management (20%) A. Economics and Markets 1. Gross Domestic Product 2. Interest Rates 3. Inflation & Employment 4. Government Fiscal Policy 5. Monetary Policy 6. International Influences 7. Market Operations 8. Currency B. Portfolio Management 1. Modern Portfolio Theory 2. Equity Investment 3. Fixed Income 4. Hedging Strategies 5. Risk Management 6. Total Return C. Types of Investments/Selection 1. Equities 2. Fixed Income 3. Convertible Securities 4. Mutual Funds 5. Common Trust Funds 6. Closely-Held Businesses 7. Real Estate & Farms 8. International 9. Nontraditional 10. Master Limited Partnerships 11. Stock Options 12. ETFs 13. Oil, Gas & Minerals 14. Commodities & Precious Metals D. Client Objectives & Constraints 1. Investment Objectives 2. Risk Tolerance 3. Time Horizons 4. Tax Considerations 5. Current vs Future 7. Asset Allocation E. Performance Measurement 1. Time-Weighted vs. Dollar-Weighted 2. Risk Adjusted 3. Benchmarks & Indicies V. Ethics (5%) A. Advisory 1. Unauthorized Practice of Law 2. Conflict of Interest 3. Confidentiality 4. Undue Influence 5. Related Parties 6. Client Competence/Capacity B. Fiduciary 1. Duty of Loyalty 2. Breach of Trust 3. Trust Officer as Beneficiary 4. Personal Liability 5. Self Dealing 6. Gifts to/from Clients & Vendors C. Business Development 1. Business Solicitation 2. Compensation Arrangements D. Investment 1. Insider Information 2. Equal Treatment of Accounts 3. Directed Brokerage 4. Disclosures 5. Prudent Investor Standard E. Other 1. Relationship 2. Fraud Prevention below are the basis for the Certified Trust and Financial Advisor (CTFA) examination. These
were derived from a job analysis study and were validated by the CTFA Advisory Board. Postcertification programs that address these knowledge areas are eligible for CTFA continuing education credits through the American Bankers Association.

Activities (25%)

of Account Relationship

Health Care Powers of Attorney

of Establishing Account

Fiduciary Appointment

by Bank of Its Own Holding Company Securities

and Distributions

Payments or Distributions

Termination of the Trust

Assets and Liabilities

Product, and Intermediary Selection Criteria

Private Foundations, and Split Interest Trusts

Transfers (GST)

Theories and Concepts

Management Approaches

Investment Management Approaches

& Analysis

Objectives 6. Investment Restrictions & Preferences

with Other Professionals

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Financial Planning: A Step-by-Step Guide

A financial plan paints a comprehensive picture of your current finances, your financial goals and any strategies you've set to achieve those goals. Good financial planning should include details about your cash flow, savings, debt, investments, insurance and any other elements of your financial life.

What is financial planning?

Financial planning is an ongoing process that looks at your entire financial picture in order to create strategies for achieving your short- and long-term goals. It can reduce your stress about money, support your current needs and help you build a nest egg for goals such as retirement.

Creating a financial plan is important because it allows you to make the most of your assets and gives you the confidence to weather any bumps along the way. You can make a financial plan yourself or get help from a financial planning professional. Online services like robo-advisors have also made getting assistance with financial planning more affordable and accessible than ever.

Track your finances all in one place.

Find ways to save more by tracking your income and net worth on NerdWallet.

Financial planning in 9 steps

1. Set financial goals

A good financial plan is guided by your financial goals. If you approach your financial planning from the standpoint of what your money can do for you — whether that's buying a house or helping you retire early — you'll make saving feel more intentional.

Make your financial goals inspirational. Ask yourself: What do I want my life to look like in five years? What about in 10 and 20 years? Do I want to own a car, or a house? Do I want to be debt-free? Pay off my student loans? Are kids in the picture? How do I imagine my life in retirement?

Having concrete goals can make it easier to identify and complete the next steps, and provide a guiding light as you work to make those aims a reality.

2. Track your money

Get a sense of your monthly cash flow — what’s coming in and what’s going out. An accurate picture is key to creating a financial plan and can reveal ways to direct more to savings or debt pay-down. Seeing where your money goes can help you develop immediate, medium-term and long-term plans.

For example, developing a budget is a typical immediate plan. NerdWallet recommends the 50/30/20 budget principles: Put 50% of your take-home pay toward needs (housing, utilities, transportation and other recurring payments), 30% toward wants (dining out, clothing, entertainment) and 20% toward savings and debt repayment. Reducing credit card or other high-interest debt is a common medium-term plan, and planning for retirement is a typical long-term plan.

3. Budget for emergencies

The bedrock of any financial plan is putting cash away for emergency expenses. You can start small — $500 is enough to cover small emergencies and repairs so that an unexpected bill doesn’t run up credit card debt. Your next goal could be $1,000, then one month’s basic living expenses, and so on.

Building credit is another way to shockproof your budget. Good credit gives you options when you need them, like the ability to get a decent rate on a car loan. It can also boost your budget by getting you cheaper rates on insurance and letting you skip utility deposits.

4. Tackle high-interest debt

A crucial step in any financial plan: Pay down high-interest debt, such as credit card balances, payday loans, title loans and rent-to-own payments. Interest rates on some of these may be so high that you end up repaying two or three times what you borrowed.

If you’re struggling with revolving debt, a debt consolidation loan or debt management plan may help you wrap several expenses into one monthly bill at a lower interest rate.

5. Plan for retirement

If you visit a financial advisor, they will be sure to ask: Do you have an employer-sponsored retirement plan such as a 401(k), and does your employer match any part of your contribution? True, 401(k) contributions decrease your take-home pay now, but it’s worth it to consider putting in enough to get the full matching amount. That match is free money.

If you have a 401(k), 403(b) or similar plan, financial advisors also generally suggest that you gradually expand your contributions toward the IRS limit. In 2023, that's $22,500, or $30,000 for those 50 or older.

Another savings vehicle for retirement planning is an IRA, or individual retirement arrangement. These tax-advantaged investment accounts can further build retirement savings by up to $6,500 a year in 2023 (or $7,500, if you are over 50).

6. Optimize your finances with tax planning

For many of us, taxes take center stage during filing season, but careful tax planning means looking beyond the Form 1040 you submit to the IRS each year.

For example, if you're netting a sizable refund each year, you may be needlessly living on less throughout the year. Learning how and when to review your W-4, the form you fill out with employers, can help you to take control of your future. Adjust your withholdings on your W-4, and you either can keep more of your paycheck, or pay a smaller tax bill.

Getting cozy with the tax law also means looking into tax credits and deductions ahead of time to understand which tax breaks could make a difference when it comes time to file. The government offers many incentives for taxpayers who have children, invest in green home improvements or technologies, or are even pursuing higher education.

7. Invest to build your future goals

Investing might sound like something for rich people or for when you’re established in your career and family life. It’s not. Investing can be as simple as putting money in a 401(k) and as easy as opening a brokerage account (many have no minimum to get started). Financial plans use a variety of tools to invest for retirement, a house or college.

8. Grow your financial well-being

With each of these steps, you're protecting yourself from financial setbacks. If you can afford it, decide whether you'd like to do more, such as:

Increasing contributions to your retirement accounts.

Padding your emergency fund until you have three to six months of essential living expenses.

Using insurance to protect your financial stability, so a car crash or illness doesn’t derail you. Life insurance protects loved ones who depend on your income. Term life insurance, covering 10-year to 30-year periods, is a good fit for most people’s needs.

9. Estate planning: Protect your financial well-being

Financial planning also means looking out for your future needs, as well as mapping things out for your loved ones. Creating a will can help ensure your assets are distributed according to your wishes. Other types of estate-planning documents can also provide your relatives with clarity on how you would like to be cared for, and who should manage your affairs.

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Types of financial planning help

A financial plan isn’t a static document — it's a tool to track your progress, and one you should adjust as your life evolves. It's helpful to reevaluate your financial plan after major life milestones, such as getting married, starting a new job, having a child or losing a loved one.

If you're not the DIY type — or if you want professional help managing some tasks and not others — you don't have to go it alone. Consider what kind of help you need:

Complete financial plan and investment advice

Online financial planning services offer virtual access to human advisors. A basic service would include automated investment management (like you’d get from a robo-advisor), plus the ability to consult with a team of financial advisors when you have other financial questions. More comprehensive providers basically mirror the level of service offered by traditional financial planners: You're matched with a dedicated human financial advisor who will manage your investments, create a comprehensive financial plan for you, and do regular check-ins to see if you're on track or need to adjust your financial plan.

Specialized guidance and/or want to meet with an advisor face-to-face

If you have a complicated financial situation or need a specialist in estate planning, tax planning or insurance, a traditional financial advisor in your area may fit the bill. To avoid conflicts of interest, consider fee-only financial advisors who are fiduciaries (meaning they've signed an oath to act in the client's best interest). Note that some traditional financial advisors decline clients who don’t have enough to invest; the definition of “enough” varies, but many advisors require $250,000 or more. If you want to know more about how much seeing an advisor will cost, read their guide to financial advisor fees.

Portfolio management only

Robo-advisors offer simplified, low-cost online investment management. Computer algorithms build an investment portfolio based on goals you set, and your answers to questions about your risk tolerance. After that, the service monitors and regularly rebalances your investment mix to ensure you stay on track. Because it's all digital, it comes at a much lower cost than hiring a human portfolio manager.

Why is financial planning important?

Financial planning can help you feel more confident about navigating bumps in the road — like, say, a recession or historic inflation. According to Charles Schwab's 2023 Modern Wealth Survey, Americans who have a written financial plan feel more in control of their finances compared with those without a plan[0]

Once your basic needs and short-term goals have been addressed, a financial plan can also help you tackle big-picture goals. Thoughtful investing, for example, can help build generational wealth, and careful estate planning can ensure that wealth gets passed down to your loved ones.

Financial watchdog to ask MPs about debanking experiences

No result found, try new keyword!British politicians are to be asked to reveal whether they have encountered any problems accessing bank accounts or faced being “debanked”, as part of an inquiry by the UK’s financial watchdog. The ...

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
Mehrkosten
Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
Cyber-Erpressung
Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
Ersatz-IT-Hardware
Cyber-Betrug