Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : CWM_LEVEL_II
Exam Name : Chartered Wealth Manager (CWM) Certification Level II
Vendor Name : AAFM
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CWM_LEVEL_II exam Format | CWM_LEVEL_II Course Contents | CWM_LEVEL_II Course Outline | CWM_LEVEL_II exam Syllabus | CWM_LEVEL_II exam Objectives
The Chartered Wealth Manager (CWM) Certification Level II Exam, administered by the American Academy of Financial Management (AAFM), is an advanced-level exam designed for financial professionals aiming to deepen their expertise in wealth management. It builds on the foundational knowledge from the CWM Level I exam and focuses on advanced concepts, practical applications, and complex scenarios in wealth management. Below is a detailed breakdown of the topics, key terminologies, and structure of the CWM Level II exam, based on available information and industry standards.
Exam Format:
Consists of 100–150 multiple-choice questions, including scenario-based and case-study questions.
Duration: 3 hours (180 minutes).
Passing Score: Typically 70%, though this may vary slightly depending on the exam version.
Prerequisites:
Completion of the CWM Level I exam.
Recommended 3 years of professional experience in wealth management or a related financial field, though a minimum of 2 years is required.
Focus: Advanced financial planning, investment strategies, risk management, client relationship management, and ethical practices.
Delivery: Online or at AAFM-approved testing centers, with flexible scheduling between the 10th and 20th of each month.
Detailed syllabus Covered in the CWM Level II Exam
The CWM Level II exam emphasizes advanced wealth management concepts and their practical application. The syllabus builds on the foundational syllabus from Level I (e.g., global financial systems, investment vehicles, and basic wealth management principles) and dives deeper into complex strategies and client-focused scenarios. Below are the key syllabus and their associated concepts:
1. Advanced Financial Planning
- Comprehensive wealth planning, including the six-step wealth management process (establishing client relationships, gathering data, analyzing financial status, developing recommendations, implementing plans, and monitoring).
- Assessing client risk tolerance and financial goals for tailored planning.
- Retirement planning, including calculating required minimum distributions (RMDs) and understanding various retirement account types (e.g., 401(k), IRA, Roth IRA).
- Tax-efficient wealth strategies, such as leveraging tax-advantaged accounts and optimizing deductions.
- Financial Independence: Achieving a state where passive income covers living expenses.
- Net Worth Analysis: Calculating assets minus liabilities to assess client financial health.
- Tax Optimization: Strategies like tax-loss harvesting and charitable giving to minimize tax liabilities.
- RMDs: Mandatory withdrawals from retirement accounts after age 73 (as per current U.S. regulations).
- Monte Carlo Simulation: A statistical method to model the probability of different outcomes in financial planning.
2. Investment Strategies and Portfolio Management
- Portfolio Optimization: Techniques like Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) and the Efficient Frontier to maximize returns for a given level of risk.
- Asset Allocation: Strategic and tactical allocation across asset classes (equities, fixed income, alternatives) based on client goals.
- Alternative Investments: Understanding hedge fund strategies, private equity valuation, and real estate investment approaches (e.g., income approach for valuation).
- Equity Analysis: Evaluating stocks using fundamental (e.g., P/E ratio, EPS) and technical analysis.
- Performance Evaluation: Metrics like Sharpe Ratio, Treynor Ratio, and Alpha to assess investment manager performance.
- Efficient Frontier: The set of optimal portfolios offering the highest expected return for a defined level of risk.
- Beta: A measure of a securitys volatility relative to the market.
- Alpha: Excess return of an investment relative to the benchmark.
- Hedge Fund Strategies: Long/short equity, market-neutral, arbitrage, and distressed assets.
- Private Equity Valuation: Methods like discounted cash flow (DCF) and comparable company analysis.
3. Risk Management
- Identifying and mitigating financial and operational risks for clients and corporations.
- Currency Hedging: Strategies to manage foreign exchange risk in international investments.
- Managing Investment Risk: Techniques like diversification, stop-loss orders, and hedging with derivatives.
- Insurance Products: Role of insurance in wealth preservation (e.g., life, disability, long-term care).
- Value at Risk (VaR): A statistical measure of potential loss in a portfolio.
- Hedging: Using financial instruments (e.g., options, futures) to offset potential losses.
- Systemic Risk: Risk affecting the entire financial system.
- Idiosyncratic Risk: Risk specific to an individual asset or company.
- Annuities: Insurance products providing guaranteed income streams.
4. Client Relationship Management
- Client Segmentation: Categorizing clients based on wealth, goals, or risk profiles to tailor services.
- Behavioral Finance: Analyzing cognitive biases (e.g., overconfidence, loss aversion) that affect client investment decisions.
- Know Your Client (KYC): Regulatory requirement to understand client financial situations and objectives.
- Communication and Reporting: Developing effective client communication strategies and portfolio review reports (e.g., AAFMs Portfolio Review Performa).
- Cognitive Bias: Systematic errors in thinking that influence decision-making (e.g., confirmation bias, anchoring).
- Loss Aversion: Tendency for clients to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains.
- Client Onboarding: Process of establishing a client relationship, including KYC and goal-setting.
- Fiduciary Duty: Legal obligation to act in the clients best interest.
5. Estate Planning and Wealth Transfer
- Intergenerational Wealth Transfer: Strategies for transferring wealth to heirs or charities while minimizing taxes.
- Trusts and Wills: Structuring trusts (e.g., revocable, irrevocable) and drafting wills for estate planning.
- Gift and Estate Taxes: Understanding U.S. federal and state tax rules (e.g., annual gift tax exclusion, lifetime estate tax exemption).
- Probate: Legal process of validating a will and distributing assets.
- Irrevocable Trust: A trust that cannot be modified or terminated without beneficiary consent.
- Grantor: The individual who creates and funds a trust.
- Unified Tax Credit: A tax credit applied to reduce gift and estate tax liabilities.
- Step-Up in Basis: Adjustment of an assets cost basis to its fair market value at the time of inheritance.
6. International Finance and Taxation
- International Tax Treaties: Understanding their impact on cross-border investments and double taxation avoidance.
- Global Market Correlations: Analyzing relationships between international markets for portfolio diversification.
- Offshore Wealth Management: Strategies for managing assets in jurisdictions like the Cayman Islands or Switzerland.
- Double Taxation: Taxation of the same income in two jurisdictions.
- Foreign Tax Credit: A credit to offset taxes paid to a foreign government.
- Global Custody: Services for holding and managing international securities.
- Transfer Pricing: Pricing of transactions between related entities in different countries.
7. Ethical Practices and Regulatory Compliance
- Adhering to AAFMs code of ethics and professional standards.
- Understanding regulatory frameworks like SEC regulations, FINRA rules, and anti-money laundering (AML) laws.
- Applying ethical decision-making in client interactions and investment recommendations.
- Fiduciary Standard: A legal obligation to prioritize client interests above personal gain.
- AML: Anti-money laundering regulations to prevent illegal financial activities.
- Suitability Rule: Requirement to recommend investments suitable for a clients financial situation.
- Conflict of Interest: Situations where a wealth managers interests may conflict with the clients.
8. Advanced Wealth Management
- Constructing comprehensive wealth plans using tools like AAFMs Portfolio Review Performa.
- Applying case studies to integrate concepts from financial markets, investment analysis, and client management.
- Forecasting the impact of government economic policies on client portfolios.
- Leveraging spreadsheet-based financial modeling for wealth planning solutions.
- Wealth Plan: A holistic strategy addressing client financial goals, risk, and legacy planning.
- Portfolio Rebalancing: Adjusting asset allocations to maintain desired risk-return profiles.
- Stress Testing: Simulating portfolio performance under adverse market conditions.
- Scenario Analysis: Evaluating potential outcomes based on different economic or market scenarios.
- Portfolio Optimization: MPT, Efficient Frontier, Sharpe Ratio, Treynor Ratio, Alpha, Beta.
- Risk Management: VaR, Hedging, Systemic Risk, Idiosyncratic Risk, Annuities.
- Behavioral Finance: Cognitive Bias, Loss Aversion, Overconfidence, Anchoring.
- Estate Planning: Probate, Irrevocable Trust, Grantor, Unified Tax Credit, Step-Up in Basis.
- International Finance: Double Taxation, Foreign Tax Credit, Global Custody, Transfer Pricing.
- Client Management: KYC, Fiduciary Duty, Client Segmentation, Suitability Rule.
- Financial Planning: Monte Carlo Simulation, RMDs, Tax Optimization, Net Worth Analysis.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug
