Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : CWNA-108
Exam Name : Certified Wireless Network Administrator
Vendor Name : CWNP
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CWNA-108 exam Format | CWNA-108 Course Contents | CWNA-108 Course Outline | CWNA-108 exam Syllabus | CWNA-108 exam Objectives
Exam Code: CWNA-108
Exam Name: Certified Wireless Network Administrator
Vendor: CWNP (Certified Wireless Network Professional)
Level: Foundational/Associate
Exam Duration: 90 minutes
Number of Questions: 60 multiple-choice/multiple-answer questions
Passing Score: 70% (approximately 42 correct answers out of 60)
Exam Delivery: Pearson VUE (in-person or online proctored)
- Radio Frequency (RF) Technologies
- RF Basics:
- Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, phase
- RF behavior (absorption, reflection, scattering, refraction, diffraction, etc.)
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
- RF math (dB, dBm, dBi, EIRP, etc.)
- RF Signal Characteristics:
- Modulation techniques (DSSS, OFDM, MIMO, etc.)
- Channel width and bonding
- Co-channel and adjacent-channel interference
- RF Antennas:
- Antenna types (omnidirectional, directional, sector, etc.)
- Antenna gain, beamwidth, and polarization
- Antenna connectors and cables
- RF Regulations:
- FCC, ETSI, and other regulatory bodies
- Frequency bands (2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz)
- Power output limits and compliance
- Wireless LAN (WLAN) Technologies and Standards
- IEEE 802.11 Standards:
- 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6) and their differences
- PHY and MAC layer functions
- Wi-Fi Alliance Certifications:
- Wi-Fi CERTIFIED programs (WPA2, WPA3, Wi-Fi 6, etc.)
- WLAN Topologies:
- Basic Service Set (BSS), Extended Service Set (ESS), Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)
- Mesh networking and wireless distribution systems (WDS)
- WLAN Devices:
- Access Points (APs), wireless controllers, bridges, repeaters, and clients
- Dual-band and tri-band devices
- WLAN Protocols and Operation
- 802.11 Frame Types:
- Management, control, and data frames
- Beacon frames, probe requests/responses, association, and authentication
- 802.11 MAC Layer Operations:
- CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance)
- RTS/CTS (Request to Send/Clear to Send)
- Acknowledgment (ACK) frames
- Power Save Mechanisms:
- Legacy power save, U-APSD, WMM Power Save
- Roaming and Load Balancing:
- Fast BSS Transition (802.11r)
- Band steering and client balancing
- WLAN Security
- Security Protocols:
- WEP, WPA, WPA2, WPA3
- TKIP, CCMP, GCMP encryption
- Authentication Methods:
- Open system, shared key, 802.1X/EAP
- EAP types (PEAP, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, etc.)
- Rogue Devices and Mitigation:
- Rogue AP detection and prevention
- Wireless intrusion detection/prevention systems (WIDS/WIPS)
- Guest Access and Captive Portals:
- Secure guest access solutions
- BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) policies
- WLAN Site Surveying and Design
- Site Survey Types:
- Predictive, passive, and active surveys
- Post-deployment validation surveys
- Site Survey Tools:
- Spectrum analyzers, protocol analyzers, and heat mapping tools
- Network Design Considerations:
- Capacity vs. coverage requirements
- Channel planning and co-channel interference
- AP placement and density
- Heatmaps and Reporting:
- Signal strength, SNR, and data rate heatmaps
- Survey report documentation
- WLAN Troubleshooting and Optimization
- Common WLAN Issues:
- Interference (RF and non-RF)
- Hidden node problem
- Channel utilization and contention
- Performance Optimization:
- Bandwidth and throughput optimization
- QoS (Quality of Service) and WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia)
- Troubleshooting Tools:
- Protocol analyzers (e.g., Wireshark)
- Spectrum analyzers and Wi-Fi scanners
- Client Connectivity Issues:
- Misconfigurations, driver issues, and compatibility problems
- WLAN Hardware and Software
- Access Points:
- Autonomous vs. controller-based APs
- Cloud-managed APs
- Wireless Controllers:
- Centralized vs. distributed architectures
- Virtual controllers
- Network Management Systems (NMS):
- Monitoring, configuration, and reporting tools
- Emerging Technologies:
- Wi-Fi 6E (6 GHz band), IoT integration, and 5G coexistence
- WLAN Applications and Use Cases
- Enterprise WLANs:
- High-density environments (stadiums, conference centers)
- Office and campus deployments
- SOHO (Small Office/Home Office) WLANs:
- Residential and small business setups
- Specialized WLANs:
- Outdoor wireless, industrial, and healthcare environments
- IoT and Smart Devices:
- Integration with IoT devices and smart technologies
- WLAN Vendor-Specific Features
- Vendor Implementations:
- Cisco, Aruba, Ruckus, Ubiquiti, etc.
- Proprietary Features:
- Vendor-specific protocols and optimizations
- Interoperability:
- Ensuring compatibility between different vendor devices
- WLAN Documentation and Policies
- Network Documentation:
- Diagrams, configurations, and inventory
- Policies and Procedures:
- Security policies, acceptable use policies (AUP), and BYOD policies
- Change Management:
- Documenting changes and maintaining network integrity
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug