Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : CWOCN
Exam Name : Certified Wound Ostomy Continence Nurse
Vendor Name : WOCNCB
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CWOCN exam Format | CWOCN Course Contents | CWOCN Course Outline | CWOCN exam Syllabus | CWOCN exam Objectives
Exam Code: CWOCN
Exam Name: WOCNCB Certified Wound Ostomy Continence Nurse
Format: 175 multiple-choice questions
Questions: 150 scored, 25 unscored pretest questions.
Duration: 3 hours
Exam Type: Computer-based testing
- Assess Comprehensive Factors Affecting Wounds
- Psychosocial factors affecting care (e.g., patient and caregiver ability to learn and perform care, economic implications, education, mental status, family dynamics, cultural beliefs)
- Factors affecting wound healing (e.g., nutrition, comorbidities, medications, age, pain, mobility)
- Identifying need for diagnostic studies (e.g., biopsy, blood values, imaging, vascular, toe-brachial index [TBI], anklebrachial index [ABI], duplex scanning)
- Obtain patient health history through interviews, established medical records, and questionnaires to determine the patients current health and risk status.
- Interview processes
- Basic diagnostic test results (e.g., lab values, imaging studies, vascular studies, wound cultures)
- Performing initial exam (e.g., history and presentation, comorbidities, cultural diversity, age, medications, psychological issues)
- Interpreting nutritional status (e.g., lab values, diet history, BMI, appearance)
- Interpreting pain using verbal and nonverbal tools
- Perform focused exams to determine current skin status and wound etiology (pressure, venous, arterial, neuropathic, other)
- Dermatological etiology (e.g., contact dermatitis, fungal infection, herpetic lesions)
- Wound etiology (e.g., pressure, LEAD, LEVD, neuropathic, trauma, surgical, atypical, burns)
- Skin and wound classification systems (e.g., pressure injury stages, medical adhesive-related skin injury [MARSI], moistureassociated skin damage [MASD], skin tears, Wagner)
- Periwound characteristics (e.g., induration, temperature, fluctuance, denudation, maceration, cellulitis)
- Wound characteristics (e.g., tissue type, dimensions, location, exudate, odor, wound edges, color, epibole)
- Phases of wound healing (e.g., hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, maturation)
- Characteristics of healing wounds (e.g., granulation, decreased dimensions, resurfacing)
- Characteristics of non-healing wounds (e.g., infection, biofilm, closed edge)
- Indications and side effects of medications affecting wound healing
- Utilizing risk exam tools (e.g., Braden Scale, Braden Q Scale, Norton Plus Scale)
- Lower extremity exam (e.g., quality of pulses, capillary refill, appearance of skin, elevational pallor, hair and nails, edema, protective sensation, proprioception)
- Identifying the need for wound culture and choosing the most appropriate method
- Recommend and/or provide appropriate interventions to promote optimal wound management.
- Principles of wound care (e.g., filling of dead space, moisture balance, periwound skin protection)
- Wound bed preparation (e.g., debridement, infection management, moisture management, wound edge optimization)
- Determining interventions to manage wounds (e.g., adjunctive modalities, offloading, support surfaces, protective footwear, tight glucose control, total contact casting)
- Types, indications, and contraindications of debridement (e.g., biologic, autolytic, chemical, mechanical, surgical, conservative sharp, excisional)
- Recommending appropriate pain management modalities
- Obtain wound cultures (e.g., aspirate, Levine, punch biopsy)
- Recommending and/or performing appropriate studies (e.g., biopsy, laboratory, radiography, toe-brachial index (TBI), anklebrachial index (ABI), transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2), duplex scanning)
- Implement prevention measures to promote optimal skin health and prevent injury.
- Preventive measures based on risk exam (e.g., moisture management, pressure redistribution, offloading, friction and shear management, nutrition)
- Types of support surfaces
- Implementing interventions based on risk exam (e.g., moisture management, pressure redistribution, nutrition, cognition, mobility, offloading)
- Utilizing appropriate skin care products
- Preventing complications of wound healing (e.g., infection, maceration, inappropriate product use)
- Selecting support surfaces
- Recommend and/or perform wound bed preparation.
- Recommending appropriate wound cleansing regimen
- Wound bed preparation (e.g., infection management, moisture management, wound edge optimization)
- Recommend and/or perform debridement to promote wound healing
- Types of debridement (e.g., biologic, autolytic, chemical, mechanical, surgical, conservative sharp, excisional)
- Identifying indications and contraindications for debridement
- Identifying wounds that require chemical cauterization
- Selecting appropriate debridement modalities
- Knowledge and application of topical therapies to promote wound healing.
- Topical therapies (e.g., absorbent dressing, antimicrobials, hydrating dressing)
- Recommending appropriate topical treatment to maintain periwound integrity
- Selecting and applying topical therapies for moist wound healing (e.g., containment of drainage, eliminate dead space, reduce bioburden, control odor)
- Knowledge and application of advanced/adjunctive therapies to promote wound healing
- Types, indications, and contraindications for compression therapy
- Types of advanced modalities for treatment (e.g., bioengineered tissue, negative pressure wound therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy)
- Types of adjunctive modalities (e.g., hydrotherapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, pulsed lavage, mist therapy, maggot therapy)
- Recommending compression therapy to manage edema (e.g., dynamic and static compression therapy)
- Applying compression therapy (e.g., dynamic and static compression therapy)
- Recommending and/or performing advanced wound therapies (e.g., bioengineered tissue, negative pressure wound therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy)
- Recommending and/or performing adjunctive modalities (e.g., hydrotherapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, pulsed lavage, mist therapy, maggot therapy)
- Recommending and/or performing total contact casting
- Develop a patient-centered plan of care by using health history and exams to establish skin and wound management goals.
- Principles of patient-centered care (e.g., psychosocial issues, access to care, cultural beliefs)
- Identifying and supporting patient and caregiver goals (e.g., preventive, palliative, maintenance, curative)
- Setting patient-focused goals (e.g., preventive, palliative, maintenance, curative)
- Evaluate the patient-centered plan of care by using periodic exams to promote optimal skin and wound management.
- Evaluating the effectiveness of the current treatment plan
- Interpreting patient responses to intervention
- Modifying interventions based on revised patient needs and goals
- Educate patients and caregivers by using the individualized skin and wound care plan to prevent complications, maintain optimal skin and wound health, and encourage patient autonomy.
- Education based on health literacy and goals of patient/caregiver
- Factors affecting wound management (e.g., infection control, nutrition, moisture management, repositioning, tobacco cessation, glycemic control, compliance)
- Available resources (e.g., support and advocacy, supply access, post-acute care)
- Educating the patient and family on the procedures, rationale, and significance of diagnostic test results
- Educating the patient and caregivers on wound care procedures and skin care
- Educating patient and caregivers regarding modifiable risk factors (e.g., tobacco cessation, exercise, safety awareness, diet, offloading)
- Educating on factors affecting wound management (e.g., infection control, nutrition, moisture management, repositioning, tobacco cessation, glycemic control, compliance)
- Recommending non-invasive and invasive interventions (e.g., pharmacological, walking program, surgical)
- Educate other health care professionals on skin and wound care management and prevent complications.
- Factors affecting wound management (e.g., infection control, nutrition, moisture management, repositioning, tobacco cessation, glycemic control, compliance, trauma avoidance)
- Educating health care clinicians and providers on skin and wound care principles, procedures, and treatment goals
- Educating on factors affecting wound management (e.g., infection control, nutrition, moisture management, repositioning, tobacco cessation, glycemic control, compliance, trauma avoidance)
- Multidisciplinary care collaboration and referrals to support patient-centered care.
- Available resources (e.g., support and advocacy, supply access, post-acute care)
- Referrals for other services (e.g., rehabilitation, nutrition, diabetic education, social services, mental health)
- Referral for appropriate studies (e.g., biopsy, laboratory, radiography, toe-brachial index (TBI), ankle-brachial index (ABI), transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2), duplex scanning)
- Facilitate appropriate consultations (e.g., surgery, infectious disease, dermatology, podiatry)
- Provide handoff communication
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug
