Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : Certified-Data-Architecture-and-Management-Designer
Exam Name : Certified Data Architecture and Management Designer
Vendor Name : Salesforce
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Certified-Data-Architecture-and-Management-Designer exam Format | Certified-Data-Architecture-and-Management-Designer Course Contents | Certified-Data-Architecture-and-Management-Designer Course Outline | Certified-Data-Architecture-and-Management-Designer exam Syllabus | Certified-Data-Architecture-and-Management-Designer exam Objectives
Exam Details for Certified Data Architecture and Management Designer:
Number of Questions: The exam consists of approximately 60 multiple-choice and multiple-select questions.
Time Limit: The total time allocated for the exam is 105 minutes (1 hour and 45 minutes).
Passing Score: To pass the exam, you must achieve a minimum score of 65%.
Exam Format: The exam is conducted online and is proctored. You will be required to answer the questions within the allocated time frame.
Course Outline:
1. Data Architecture Management:
- Understand data architecture concepts and principles
- Define and implement data governance strategies
- Establish data quality and data lifecycle management processes
2. Data Modeling and Design:
- Identify business requirements and translate them into data models
- Design logical and physical data models
- Apply normalization and denormalization techniques
3. Data Integration and Transformation:
- Design and implement data integration solutions
- Manage data transformation processes
- Utilize ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) tools and techniques
4. Data Security and Compliance:
- Implement data security controls and access restrictions
- Ensure compliance with data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, CCPA)
- Monitor and mitigate data security risks
5. Data Storage and Infrastructure:
- Select appropriate data storage solutions (e.g., relational databases, data warehouses, big data platforms)
- Optimize data storage and retrieval performance
- Design and implement scalable and resilient data infrastructure
6. Data Migration and Synchronization:
- Plan and execute data migration strategies
- Ensure data consistency and integrity during migration
- Synchronize data between different systems and environments
7. Data Governance and Metadata Management:
- Define and implement data governance frameworks
- Establish metadata management processes
- Utilize data cataloging and data lineage tools
Exam Objectives:
1. Understand data architecture concepts, principles, and best practices.
2. Design and implement data models to meet business requirements.
3. Develop data integration and transformation solutions.
4. Ensure data security and compliance in data management processes.
5. Select and optimize data storage solutions.
6. Plan and execute data migration and synchronization strategies.
7. Establish data governance and metadata management frameworks.
Exam Syllabus:
The exam syllabus covers the following topics:
1. Data Architecture Management
- Data architecture concepts and principles
- Data governance strategies
- Data quality and lifecycle management
2. Data Modeling and Design
- Business requirements analysis
- Logical and physical data models
- Normalization and denormalization techniques
3. Data Integration and Transformation
- Data integration solutions
- Data transformation processes
- ETL tools and techniques
4. Data Security and Compliance
- Data security controls and access restrictions
- Data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, CCPA)
- Data security risk management
5. Data Storage and Infrastructure
- Data storage solutions selection
- Performance optimization techniques
- Scalable and resilient data infrastructure design
6. Data Migration and Synchronization
- Data migration strategies
- Data consistency and integrity during migration
- Data synchronization between systems
7. Data Governance and Metadata Management
- Data governance frameworks
- Metadata management processes
- Data cataloging and data lineage tools
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Quizzes and ExamsQuizzes and exams can be stressful for students, even more so when held online. Students may be thinking, “What happens if my internet goes down in the middle of taking the test?” or “Will I be able to find a quiet place to take the exam?” As such, you are encouraged to consider alternatives to an exam, such as: If an exam is required, there are a number of options: Non-proctored, take-home examYou can supply the students a take-home exam via the Brightspace Quizzes function. You can also consider giving your students permission to use their course materials to complete it. Even with a take-home test, there are options for its timing and duration: Quizzes and tests can be set up in Brightspace to use a question bank. In these cases, the system randomly selects different questions at the same difficulty level for different students. The questions and/or answer choices can be randomized. Proctored online examIt is possible to use online proctoring software, which verifies student’s identity and monitors them while they write an online exam. Proctoring is not 100% reliable, and proctored exams can bring up feelings of stress, concerns around privacy, and more. Autodesk Certified Professional: AutoCAD for Design and Drafting exam PrepAccess DeniedYou don't have permission to access "http://www.usnews.com/education/skillbuilder/autodesk-certified-professional:-autocad-for-design-and-drafting-exam-prep-0_niUt8_BPEemnBg47QxlXKg" on this server. Reference #18.5dfcc317.1692839275.25ff5e89 UP Diliman, San Carlos University top Interior Design licensure exam – PRCTHE Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) has announced that 202 out of 443 examinees passed the July 2023 Interior Design Licensure exam (IDLE). Jena Carla De Guzman from University of the Philippines-Diliman and Ryan Japhet Gablines from San Carlos University, who both garnered 87 percent rating, topped the exams that were held in Manila, Cebu and Davao City on July 4, 5 and 6, 2023, according to PRC that posted the results on its website on Tuesday. Below are the top 10: 1. Jena Carla De Guzman, University of the Philippines-Diliman and Ryan Japhet Gablines, San Carlos University, 87 percent; 2. Iris Adreana Bernabe, De La Salle University-College of Saint Benilde, 86.45 percent; Get the latest news delivered to your inbox Sign up for The Manila Times newsletters By signing up with an email address, I acknowledge that I have read and agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.3. Renzo Montenegro, University of San Carlo, 86.05 percent; 4. Lois Bernardino, La Consolacion College- Bacolod City, 85.25 percent; 5. Sherly Rose Abalajen, University of San Agustin, 84.95 percent; 6. Rosa Isabelle Bracamonte, De La Salle University - College of Saint Benilde, 84.05 percent; 7. Kaye Zeerene Clemente, University of Sto. Tomas, 83.53 percent; 8. Charisse Grace Bellen, University of the East- Caloocan, 83.40 percent rating); 9. Andrea Ruth Lim, University of the Philippines-Diliman, 82.80 percent 10. Mark Laurence Garcia, University of the Philippines-Diliman, 82.55 percent. None of the schools were qualified for the top performing schools category as they failed to meet the 80 percent overall passing percentage. PRC said all successful examinees interested in attending the face-to-face mass oath-taking shall register no later than 12 noon of the day before the date of the oath-taking at http://online.prc.gov.ph. Inductees shall bring any of the following on the day of the oath-taking: vaccination card or negative RT-PCR results taken within 48 hours before the oath-taking. Inductees are advised to register and confirm their attendance in the regions where they took their licensure examination and intend to register as professionals. The details and exact date of whether the oath-taking will be conducted face-to-face or virtual will be provided in PRC's Facebook page and website. |
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug