Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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SpringSource CoreSpringV3.2 : Core-Spring (based on Spring 3.2) exam Dumps

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Exam Number : CoreSpringV3.2
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Vendor Name : SpringSource
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CoreSpringV3.2 exam Format | CoreSpringV3.2 Course Contents | CoreSpringV3.2 Course Outline | CoreSpringV3.2 exam Syllabus | CoreSpringV3.2 exam Objectives

Exam Details for CoreSpringV3.2 Core-Spring (based on Spring 3.2):

Number of Questions: The CoreSpringV3.2 exam typically consists of multiple-choice and multiple-select questions. The exact number of questions may vary, but it is generally around 50-60 questions.

Time Limit: The exam has a time limit of 2 hours (120 minutes).

Course Outline:
The CoreSpringV3.2 Core-Spring certification exam focuses on assessing the knowledge and skills required to develop Java applications using the Spring framework version 3.2. The course outline covers the following key topics:

1. Introduction to Spring Framework:
- Overview of Spring framework and its features
- Spring architecture and core components
- Dependency injection and inversion of control (IoC)
- Spring configuration and bean lifecycle
- Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) with Spring

2. Bean Wiring and Dependency Injection:
- Configuring beans using XML and annotations
- Constructor and setter-based dependency injection
- Autowiring and component scanning
- Bean scopes and lifecycle callbacks
- SpEL (Spring Expression Language)

3. Data Access with Spring:
- Introduction to Spring JDBC
- Configuring data sources and connection pooling
- Performing CRUD operations with Spring JDBC
- Object-relational mapping (ORM) with Spring and Hibernate
- Transaction management with Spring

4. Spring MVC Web Applications:
- Introduction to Spring MVC
- Configuring controllers, views, and handlers
- Handling requests and generating responses
- Form handling and validation
- RESTful web services with Spring MVC

5. Spring Security:
- Introduction to Spring Security
- Authentication and authorization concepts
- Configuring security filters and providers
- Securing web applications with Spring Security
- OAuth and single sign-on (SSO) with Spring Security

Exam Objectives:
The CoreSpringV3.2 exam aims to assess the following objectives:

1. Understanding of the Spring framework's core concepts and features.
2. Proficiency in configuring and managing bean wiring and dependency injection in Spring.
3. Knowledge of data access techniques using Spring JDBC and ORM frameworks.
4. Competence in developing web applications using Spring MVC.
5. Familiarity with Spring Security and its implementation for application security.

Exam Syllabus:
The CoreSpringV3.2 exam covers the following syllabus:

1. Introduction to Spring Framework
- Overview of Spring framework and its features
- Spring architecture and core components
- Dependency injection and inversion of control (IoC)
- Spring configuration and bean lifecycle
- Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) with Spring

2. Bean Wiring and Dependency Injection
- Configuring beans using XML and annotations
- Constructor and setter-based dependency injection
- Autowiring and component scanning
- Bean scopes and lifecycle callbacks
- SpEL (Spring Expression Language)

3. Data Access with Spring
- Introduction to Spring JDBC
- Configuring data sources and connection pooling
- Performing CRUD operations with Spring JDBC
- Object-relational mapping (ORM) with Spring and Hibernate
- Transaction management with Spring

4. Spring MVC Web Applications
- Introduction to Spring MVC
- Configuring controllers, views, and handlers
- Handling requests and generating responses
- Form handling and validation
- RESTful web services with Spring MVC

5. Spring Security
- Introduction to Spring Security
- Authentication and authorization concepts
- Configuring security filters and providers
- Securing web applications with Spring Security
- OAuth and single sign-on (SSO) with Spring Security

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SpringSource Spring exam Braindumps

Advanced Logic

This information is for the 2023/24 session.

Prof Miklos Redei LAK.4.03 and Mr Wesley Wrigley KGS.2.06

The course is taught by Dr. W. Wrigley.

This course is available on the BSc in Philosophy and Economics, BSc in Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method, BSc in Philosophy, Politics and Economics and BSc in Politics and Philosophy. This course is available as an outside option to students on other programmes where regulations permit and to General Course students.

This course is available on the BSc in Philosophy and Economics, BSc in Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method, BSc in Philosophy, Politics and Economics and BSc in Politics and Philosophy. This course is available with permission as an outside option to students on other programmes where regulations permit and to General Course students.

Students must have completed Introduction to Logic (PH111).

Students should have taken PH111 and obtained a grade of at least 65. Students who have not taken PH111 should instead have taken MA102 or MA103

The course begins with taking a look at the big picture: the main problems and milestones of modern logic. Then, after a quick review of classical propositional and first-order predicate logic, the course delves into the central meta-theorems about classical logic (such as the soundness and completeness theorems). This will lead the way to an outline of the famous limitative results that have philosophical ramifications: Godel's incompleteness theorems and Tarski's undefinability theorem. The course ends with exploring extensions of and alternatives to classical logic, namely modal logics, logics of counterfactual conditionals and intuitionistic logic.

15 hours of lectures and 10 hours of classes in the WT.

10 x 1.5 hours of lectures and 10 x 1 hours of classes in the WT.

Students will be expected to produce 2 problem sets and 1 essay in the WT.

Students are required to hand in solutions for problem sets and to write an essay (word limit: 1500 words) on a course that is selected from a list or proposed by the student with approval of the instructor.

Sider, Theodore: Logic for Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 2010).

Cameron, Peter J. 1999. Sets, Logic and Categories. Springer undergraduate mathematics series. London, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Specific sections of these texts that are relevant to weekly subjects will be indicated in the detailed course description and in the Moodle page of the course.

Curry, H.B. 1963. Foundations of Mathematical Logic. New York: McGraw-

Hill.

P. Smith. Godel without (too many) tears. 2016. available online.

Exam (100%, duration: 2 hours) in the spring exam period.

A written 2 hour sit examination at the end of the academic year. The exam questions are chosen from a list of questions that are made available at the beginning of the academic year ("seen exam").

Final exam Schedule

The dates and times for Saint Louis University's fall 2023 and spring 2024 final exams are listed below. Students should refer to their course syllabi to confirm their final exam date/time and specific instructions. For classes with lectures and labs/discussions, the time of the lecture determines the exam period.

Locate the day and time your class meets during the semester within the table below, then follow the row to the left and column to the top to locate the date and time of your final exam. For example, for fall 2023 the final exam for a course that meets Tuesday/Thursday from 11 a.m. to 12:15 p.m. is Tuesday, Dec. 12, from noon-1:50 p.m.

All exams for online courses without meeting times (asynchronous) will be online and due no earlier than the day listed at the top of the table where the first letter of your instructor’s last/family name is listed. For example, the final exam for an asynchronous course with an instructor whose last name begins with P will have a due date no earlier than Wednesday, Dec. 11.

Fall 2023 Final exam Schedule

View a Printable PDF of the Fall 2023 Final exam Schedule

Monday, Dec. 11 Final exam Time (Central Time) Course Day/Time 8:00 - 9:50 a.m. Monday 8:00 a.m. 10:00 - 11:50 a.m. BIOL 1240 Common Exam Noon - 1:50 p.m. Monday 12:00 p.m. 2:00 - 3:50 p.m. Monday 3:10 p.m. 4:00 - 5:50 p.m. Wednesday only, 3:10 p.m. and 4:15 p.m. 6:10 - 8:00 p.m. Monday, 5:00 p.m. and later Asynchronous Online Asynchronous with instructor last/family name starting with A, B, C, D, E or F Tuesday, Dec. 12 Final exam Time (Central Time) Course Day/Time 8:00 - 9:50 a.m. Tuesday, 8:00 a.m. 10:00 - 11:50 a.m. BIOL 3010 Common Exam Noon - 1:50 p.m. Tuesday, 11:00 a.m. 2:00 - 3:50 p.m. Thursday Only 2:15 p.m. 4:00 - 5:50 p.m. Thursday Only 4:15 p.m. 6:10 - 8:00 p.m. Tuesday, 5:00 p.m. and later Asynchronous Online Asynchronous with instructor last/family name starting with G, H, I, J or K Wednesday, Dec. 13 Final exam Time (Central Time) Course Day/Time 8:00 - 9:50 a.m. Monday, 11:00 a.m. 10:00 - 11:50 a.m. CHEM 1080 Common Exam Noon - 1:50 p.m. Monday, 1:10 p.m. 2:00 - 3:50 p.m. CHEM 1110/1130 Common Exam 4:00 - 5:50 p.m. CHEM 2410/2430 Common Exam 6:10 - 8:00 p.m. Wednesday 5:00 p.m. and later Asynchronous Online Asynchronous with instructor last/family name starting with L, M, N, O, P or Q Thursday, Dec. 14 Final exam Time (Central Time) Course Day/Time 8:00 - 9:50 a.m. Monday, 9:00 a.m. 10:00 - 11:50 a.m. BIOL 3020 Common Exam Noon - 1:50 p.m. Monday, 10:00 a.m. 2:00 - 3:50 p.m. Monday, 2:10 p.m. 4:00 - 5:50 p.m. Monday, 4:10, 4:15 and 4:35 p.m. 6:10 - 8:00 p.m. Thursday, 5:00 p.m. and later Asynchronous Online Asynchronous with instructor last/family name starting with R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y or Z Friday, Dec. 15 Final exam Time (Central Time) Course Day/Time 8:00 - 9:50 a.m. Tuesday, 9:30 a.m. 10:00 - 11:50 a.m. Friday Only 3:10 and 4:15 p.m. Noon - 1:50 p.m. Tuesday, 12:45 p.m. 2:00 - 3:50 p.m. Tuesday, 2:15 p.m. 4:00 - 5:50 p.m. Tuesday, 3:45 and 4:15 p.m. 6:10 - 8 p.m. Friday, 5:00 p.m. and later

Spring 2023 Final exam Schedule

View a Printable Version of the Spring 2024 Final exam Schedule (PDF)

Tuesday, May 7 Final exam Time (Central Time) Course Day/Time 8:00 - 9:50 a.m. Study Day (No Exams) 10:00 - 11:50 a.m. Study Day (No Exams) Noon - 1:50 p.m. Study Day (No Exams) 2:00 - 3:50 p.m. Study Day (No Exams) 4:00 - 5:50 p.m. Tuesday, 3:45 p.m. and 4:15 p.m. 6:10 - 8:00 p.m. Tuesday, 5 p.m. and later Wednesday, May 8 Final exam Time (Central Time) Course Day/Time 8:00 - 9:50 a.m. Monday, 9 a.m. 10:00 - 11:50 a.m. BIOL 3040 Common Exam Noon - 1:50 p.m. Monday, 10 a.m. 2:00 - 3:50 p.m. Monday, 2:10 p.m. 4:00 - 5:50 p.m. Wednesday only, 3:10 p.m. and 4:15 p.m. 6:10 - 8:00 p.m. Wednesday, 5 p.m. and later Asynchronous Online Asynchronous with instructor last/family name starting with R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y or Z Thursday, May 9 Final exam Time (Central Time) Course Day/Time 8:00 - 9:50 a.m. Tuesday, 9:30 a.m. 10:00 - 11:50 a.m. No Exams Noon - 1:50 p.m. Tuesday, 12:45 a.m. 2:00 - 3:50 p.m. Tuesday, 2:15 p.m. 4:00 - 5:50 p.m. Thursday only, 3:45 p.m. and 4:15 p.m. 6:10 - 8:00 p.m. Thursday, 5 p.m. and later Asynchronous Online Asynchronous with instructor last/family name starting with L, M, N, O, P or Q Friday, May 10 Final exam Time (Central Time) Course Day/Time 8:00 - 9:50 a.m. Monday, 8 a.m. 10:00 - 11:50 a.m. BIOL 1260 Common Exam Noon - 1:50 p.m. Monday, 12 p.m 2:00 - 3:50 p.m. Monday, 3:10 p.m 4:00 - 5:50 p.m. Friday only, 3:10 p.m. and 4:15 p.m. 6:10 - 8:00 p.m. Friday, 5 p.m. and later Asynchronous Online Asynchronous with instructor last/family name starting with G, H, I, J or K Monday, May 13 Final exam Time (Central Time) Course Day/Time 8 - 9:50 a.m. Monday, 11 a.m. 10 - 11:50 a.m. CHEM 1120/1140 Common Exam Noon - 1:50 p.m. Monday, 1:10 p.m. 2:00 - 3:50 p.m. CHEM 2420/2440 Common Exam 4- 5:50 p.m. Monday, 4:10 p.m., 4:15 p.m. and 4:35 p.m. 6:10 - 8 p.m. Monday, 5 p.m. and later Asynchronous Online Asynchronous with Instructor last/family name starting with A, B, C, D, E or F Tuesday, May 14 Final exam Time (Central Time) Course Day/Time 8- 9:50 a.m. Tuesday, 8 a.m. 10 -11:50 a.m. No Exams Noon - 1:50 p.m. Tuesday, 11 a.m. 2 - 3:50 p.m. Thursday, 2:15 p.m. 4 - 5:50 p.m. No Exams 6 - 8 p.m. No Exams

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
Mehrkosten
Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
Cyber-Erpressung
Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
Ersatz-IT-Hardware
Cyber-Betrug