Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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CyberArk EPM : CyberArk Endpoint Privilege Manager (EPM) Defender Certification (EPM-DEF) test MCQs and Practice Test

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Exam Number : CyberArk-EPM
Exam Name : CyberArk Endpoint Privilege Manager (EPM) Defender Certification (EPM-DEF)
Vendor Name : CyberArk
Update : Click Here to Check Latest Update
Total MCQs : Check Questions

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CyberArk-EPM test Format | CyberArk-EPM Course Contents | CyberArk-EPM Course Outline | CyberArk-EPM test Syllabus | CyberArk-EPM test Objectives


Exam Code: EPM-DEF
Exam Name: CyberArk Endpoint Privilege Manager (EPM) Defender Certification
Number of Questions: 65 (multiple-choice format)
Time Allotted: 90 minutes
Passing Marks: 70%

EPM Concepts and Architecture
- Core principles of endpoint privilege management- including the least privilege principle and just-in-time (JIT) elevation.
- EPM's architecture components: EPM Server- EPM Agents- EPM Database (e.g.- MS SQL Server integration)- and communication flows (e.g.- policy distribution via HTTPS).
- Threat protection mechanisms- such as ransomware defenses using out-of-the-box policies.
- Differences between proactive (prevention-focused) and reactive (detection-focused) endpoint security.
- Key Terminologies
- Least Privilege: Restricting user access to only necessary permissions.
- Zero Trust: Security model assuming no implicit trust- verifying every access request.
- JIT Elevation: Temporary granting of elevated privileges for specific tasks.
- Application Control: Rules to allow/block application execution based on reputation or policy.
- Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR): Complementary tools for threat detection; EPM integrates with EDR for holistic protection.

Deployment and Configuration
- Pre-deployment preparation: DNS A-Record setup- database user accounts (e.g.- sysadmin role on MS SQL)- and network prerequisites.
- Agent deployment: Installing EPM Agents on Windows endpoints- handling offline scenarios- and configuring agent-server communication.
- Initial server setup: Configuring User Account Control (UAC)- SAML integration for authentication- and plugin installations (e.g.- CyberArk EPM Plugin).
- Environment tailoring: Grouping endpoints into sets for targeted policies (e.g.- by OU- IP range- or custom criteria).
- Key Terminologies
- EPM Agent: Lightweight client software installed on endpoints for policy enforcement.
- Sets: Logical groupings of endpoints (e.g.- Windows endpoints managed via Active Directory Organizational Units - OUs).
- SAML Integration: Single Sign-On (SSO) protocol for secure authentication to the EPM console.
- Agent Configuration: Settings for event reporting frequency (e.g.- heartbeat intervals) and policy pull mechanisms.

Policy Creation and Management
- Building elevation policies: On-demand elevation for trusted applications- using criteria like file paths- hashes- or publisher signatures.
- Application control policies: Whitelisting/blacklisting apps- handling "old applications" (pre-agent installs)- and custom rules for scenarios like traveling users.
- Advanced policies: Grouping applications by trusted sources (e.g.- network shares or Verified installers)- and policy inheritance/overrides.
- Compliance enforcement: Out-of-the-box policies for audit standards and ransomware protection.
- Key Terminologies
- Elevation Policy: Rules defining when and how privileges are temporarily granted (e.g.- advanced elevate for specific menu items).
- Whitelisting/Blacklisting: Allow/block lists for application execution.
- Policy Scenarios: Predefined conditions like "Application Launch Alert" or "Ransomware Block."
- Trusted Sources: Verified origins for applications- such as signed executables or distribution systems.

User Management and Access Control
- Role creation: Defining custom roles (e.g.- Auditor- Set Administrator) and binding users/groups to sets.
- User elevation workflows: Self-service elevation requests- helpdesk-assisted elevations for offline devices.
- Access revocation: Removing local admin rights automatically and managing group policies.
- Integration with identity providers: Linking EPM to Active Directory or other directories for user synchronization.
- Key Terminologies
- Role Management: Hierarchical permissions (e.g.- Account Administrator for full control).
- Remove Local Administrators: Feature to strip default admin rights from endpoints.
- Elevation Capabilities: Methods like dialog prompts or balloon notifications for user approval.
- Set Administrators: Users delegated to manage specific endpoint groups.

Monitoring- Reporting- and Auditing
- Event collection: Configuring agents to send logs (e.g.- privilege elevations- blocked apps) to the EPM Server.
- Reporting tools: Using the EPM console for dashboards- audit logs- and compliance reports.
- Risk detection: Monitoring for suspicious activities like unauthorized elevations.
- Integration with SIEM: Exporting events for centralized analysis.
- Key Terminologies
- Event Collection: Gathering data on actions like app launches or policy violations.
- Audit Logs: Detailed records of privileged access for compliance (e.g.- satisfying standards like GDPR or NIST).
- Balloon Notification: User-facing alerts from the EPM Agent tray icon.
- Dialog Details: Customizable user prompts for elevation requests.

Integration and Advanced Features
- Integration with CyberArk PAS (Privileged Access Security): Centralized management of endpoint and vault privileges.
- Third-party compatibility: Collaborating with EDR- antivirus- or MDM solutions.
- Automation: Scripting for bulk policy updates or endpoint onboarding.
- Health checks: Best practices for verifying EPM effectiveness (e.g.- policy enforcement rates).
- Key Terminologies
- CyberArk PAS Integration: Linking EPM with vault-based credential management.
- MDM (Mobile Device Management): Tools for endpoint orchestration; EPM extends to servers.
- Automation Scripts: PowerShell or API-based tasks for security workflows.

Troubleshooting and Maintenance
- Common issues: Connectivity problems- policy enforcement failures- or application crashes during elevation.
- Diagnostic tools: Collecting server support info- agent logs- and using the EPM console for diagnostics.
- Recovery: Handling offline policy pulls or rollback of misconfigurations.
- Performance optimization: Tuning agent settings for event frequency and resource usage.
- Key Terminologies
- Troubleshooting Scenarios: Issues like "UAC Log On" failures or menu item crashes in elevated apps.
- Support Information Collection: Gathering logs via EPM tools for CyberArk support.
- Policy Enforcement Glitches: Failures in applying rules- often due to agent-server sync issues.



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug