Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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The test for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) is developed and owned by the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB). The EPPP is provided to state and provincial boards of psychology to assist them in their evaluation of the qualifications of applicants for licensure and certification. This standardized knowledge-based examination is constructed by ASPPB with the assistance of its test vendor, Pearson VUE. The EPPP is continuously administered in a computerized delivery format through the Pearson VUE network of computer testing centers. State and provincial psychology boards acting collectively through ASPPB provide support for the testing format. Pearson VUE maintains a network of more than 275 Pearson Professional Centers (PPCs) in the United States and Canada in order to provide access to computer-based testing (CBT) for candidates.
The resources of individual psychologists, ASPPB and its test vendor are used in the ongoing development of and improvements to the EPPP. These combined resources are greater than those available to any individual psychology licensing. The EPPP is only one part of the evaluation procedures used by state and provincial boards to determine candidates readiness to practice the profession of psychology. Most boards supplement the EPPP with other requirements and/or exam procedures. The EPPP is intended to evaluate the knowledge that the most exact practice analysis has determined as foundational to the competent practice of psychology. Most candidates taking the EPPP have obtained a doctoral degree in psychology, a year of predoctoral supervised experience and appropriate postdoctoral experience. Candidates are expected to have acquired a broad basic knowledge of psychology, regardless of individual areas of concentration. This knowledge, and the candidates ability to apply it, are assessed through the candidates responses to objective, multiple-choice questions that are representative of the field at large. The average pass-rate for doctoral level candidates who are taking the test for the first time exceeds 80% in the most exact sample years.

Regardless of the jurisdiction, in order to sit for the EPPP, individuals seeking licensure must first apply for licensure to the licensing authority in the state, province or territory in which they wish to be licensed. The licensing authority reviews applicants credentials and determines if they meet the requirements established in the laws of the state, province or territory.

Candidates who meet their licensing authorities requirements will be pre-approved by the board to take the EPPP. The board will enter the candidates identifying information into an online EPPP registration system that will enable the candidate to logon and verify her/his account, and that gives access to the application materials. Candidates will be sent two consecutive emails, the 1st advising them that their licensing authority has uploaded their information into the system, and the 2nd with information for them to verify their account and begin the registration process.  Candidates will not be able to log into the registration system until their licensing authority has uploaded their information. Candidates must contact their board to advise that they are ready to test and need to be uploaded to the EPPP registration system.

Candidates may test at any authorized Pearson VUE center that administers the EPPP, regardless of the jurisdiction where they are applying for licensure. Candidates must arrive 30 minutes prior to their scheduled appointment. Please Note: Candidates must have a currently valid, government-issued photo ID (e.g., passport, drivers license, etc.), as well as another piece of identification imprinted with their name and containing a signature or exact photo (e.g., credit card, CPR card, etc.). The first and last name on both forms of ID must match the name on the Authorization to Test email.

Prior to taking the EPPP, candidates will be asked to read and acknowledge their review of the Candidate Acknowledgment Statement. Please note that the Candidate Acknowledgement Statement contains important rules for taking the EPPP and should be read in its entirety before acknowledging that it has been read.
The EPPP is administered under standardized conditions in accordance with procedures established by Pearson VUE for all their testing centers. • Candidates taking the EPPP are allowed: o 5 minutes to agree to the terms of the Candidate Acknowledgement Statement (If you do not agree to the terms within the 5- minute timeframe, the test will be canceled and cannot be reset), o 5 minutes for completion of the tutorial, o 4 hours and 15 minutes for completion of the EPPP and 5 minutes at the end of the test allotted to complete a brief survey. • Candidates with documented disabilities or impairments, who wish to be tested under nonstandard conditions, please see the section regarding “Special Accommodations” on page 7. There are no scheduled breaks during the Exam. Candidates may take breaks whenever they wish; however, the clock on the time allotted for the Exam will continue to run.

Pearson Professional Centers are built to standard specifications and vary primarily on the basis of size. Private modular workstations provide ample workspace, comfortable seating, and proper lighting. Proctors monitor the testing process through an observation window and from within the testing room. Parabolic mirrors mounted on the walls assist proctors in observing the testing process. All testing sessions are videotaped and audio-monitored, and a digitized image of all candidates taking the EPPP will be retained. Computer knowledge is not required to take a computerized examination. Before the examination begins, a basic introductory lesson (tutorial) is presented that explains the process of selecting answers and moving from question to question. Candidates have 5 minutes to complete the tutorial, and are strongly encouraged to review it carefully.

Candidates may select their answers using either the keyboard or the mouse. During the tutorial, candidates will learn how they can skip forward or backward through the EPPP to review questions. Candidates should be sure they understand how to review questions when they take the tutorial. The testing software contains a feature that allows candidates to flag questions they might wish to review later, if time permits. Any question can be flagged, regardless of whether it has been left blank or answered, and will be scored even if it is still marked upon completion of the Exam.
Candidates are encouraged to take notes during the tutorial on whiteboards that can be supplied by the testing center upon request. They are not automatically supplied. Testing center staff will collect whiteboards at the completion of the Exam. Candidates are not allowed to bring their own scratch paper or writing instruments into the testing room. Please Note: There might be some distractions in the testing situation because: • Other candidates may be taking exams that require narrative responses, and there may be keyboard noise.
• Proctors will be entering the testing room on a regular basis to observe activity and to seat other candidates or answer inquiries. • Other minor distractions might include ambient noise from outside the testing room. If a candidate is concerned that these kinds of distractions will affect test performance, he or she may request earplugs and/or noise cancelling headphones after arriving at the testing center. This does not require pre-approval. Candidates are not allowed to bring their own earplugs into the testing room.
The total number of correct responses determines a candidates score. Therefore, it is to the candidates advantage to answer every item, even when uncertain of the correct response. The candidate should choose the single best answer to each item.



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug