Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
Wo erhalte ich vollständige Informationen über EPPP?
Nachfolgend finden Sie alle Details zu Übungstests, Dumps und aktuellen Fragen der EPPP: Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology Prüfung.
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Exam Number : EPPP
Exam Name : Exam for Professional Practice of Psychology
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EPPP test Format | EPPP Course Contents | EPPP Course Outline | EPPP test Syllabus | EPPP test Objectives
The test for Professional Practice in Psychology
(EPPP) is developed and owned by the Association of
State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB). The EPPP
is provided to state and provincial boards of psychology to
assist them in their evaluation of the qualifications of
applicants for licensure and certification. This
standardized knowledge-based examination is
constructed by ASPPB with the assistance of its test
vendor, Pearson VUE. The EPPP is continuously
administered in a computerized delivery format through
the Pearson VUE network of computer testing centers.
State and provincial psychology boards acting collectively
through ASPPB provide support for the testing format.
Pearson VUE maintains a network of more than 275
Pearson Professional Centers (PPCs) in the United States
and Canada in order to provide access to computer-based
testing (CBT) for candidates.
The resources of individual psychologists, ASPPB and its
test vendor are used in the ongoing development of and
improvements to the EPPP. These combined resources are
greater than those available to any individual psychology
licensing. The EPPP is only one part of the evaluation
procedures used by state and provincial boards to
determine candidates readiness to practice the
profession of psychology. Most boards supplement the
EPPP with other requirements and/or exam
procedures. The EPPP is intended to evaluate the
knowledge that the most exact
practice analysis has
determined as foundational to the competent practice of
psychology. Most candidates taking the EPPP have
obtained a doctoral degree in psychology, a year of predoctoral supervised experience and appropriate
postdoctoral experience. Candidates are expected to have
acquired a broad basic knowledge of psychology,
regardless of individual areas of concentration. This
knowledge, and the candidates ability to apply it, are
assessed through the candidates responses to objective,
multiple-choice questions that are representative of the
field at large. The average pass-rate for doctoral level
candidates who are taking the test for the first time
exceeds 80% in the most exact
sample years.
Regardless of the jurisdiction, in order to sit for the
EPPP, individuals seeking licensure must first apply for
licensure to the licensing authority in the state,
province or territory in which they wish to be licensed.
The licensing authority reviews applicants credentials
and determines if they meet the requirements
established in the laws of the state, province or
territory.
Candidates who meet their licensing authorities
requirements will be pre-approved by the board to take
the EPPP. The board will enter the candidates
identifying information into an online EPPP registration
system that will enable the candidate to logon and
verify her/his account, and that gives access to the
application materials. Candidates will be sent two
consecutive emails, the 1st advising them that their
licensing authority has uploaded their information into
the system, and the 2nd with information for them to
verify their account and begin the registration process.
Candidates will not be able to log into the
registration system until their licensing authority has
uploaded their information. Candidates must contact
their board to advise that they are ready to test and
need to be uploaded to the EPPP registration system.
Candidates may test at any authorized Pearson VUE
center that administers the EPPP, regardless of the
jurisdiction where they are applying for licensure.
Candidates must arrive 30 minutes prior to their
scheduled appointment. Please Note: Candidates must
have a currently valid, government-issued photo ID
(e.g., passport, drivers license, etc.), as well as another
piece of identification imprinted with their name and
containing a signature or exact
photo (e.g., credit card,
CPR card, etc.). The first and last name on both forms
of ID must match the name on the Authorization to
Test email.
Prior to taking the EPPP, candidates will be asked to
read and acknowledge their review of the Candidate
Acknowledgment Statement. Please note that the
Candidate Acknowledgement Statement contains
important rules for taking the EPPP and should be read
in its entirety before acknowledging that it has been
read.
The EPPP is administered under standardized conditions
in accordance with procedures established by Pearson
VUE for all their testing centers.
• Candidates taking the EPPP are allowed:
o 5 minutes to agree to the terms of the
Candidate Acknowledgement Statement (If
you do not agree to the terms within the 5-
minute timeframe, the test will be
canceled and cannot be reset),
o 5 minutes for completion of the tutorial,
o 4 hours and 15 minutes for completion of
the EPPP and 5 minutes at the end of the test allotted
to complete a brief survey.
• Candidates with documented disabilities or
impairments, who wish to be tested under
nonstandard conditions, please see the section
regarding “Special Accommodations” on page 7.
There are no scheduled breaks during the Exam.
Candidates may take breaks whenever they wish;
however, the clock on the time allotted for the Exam
will continue to run.
Pearson Professional Centers are built to standard
specifications and vary primarily on the basis of size.
Private modular workstations provide ample workspace,
comfortable seating, and proper lighting. Proctors
monitor the testing process through an observation
window and from within the testing room. Parabolic
mirrors mounted on the walls assist proctors in
observing the testing process. All testing sessions are
videotaped and audio-monitored, and a digitized image
of all candidates taking the EPPP will be retained.
Computer knowledge is not required to take a
computerized examination. Before the examination
begins, a basic introductory lesson (tutorial) is
presented that explains the process of selecting answers
and moving from question to question. Candidates have
5 minutes to complete the tutorial, and are strongly
encouraged to review it carefully.
Candidates may select their answers using either the
keyboard or the mouse. During the tutorial, candidates
will learn how they can skip forward or backward
through the EPPP to review questions. Candidates
should be sure they understand how to review
questions when they take the tutorial.
The testing software contains a feature that allows
candidates to flag questions they might wish to review
later, if time permits. Any question can be flagged,
regardless of whether it has been left blank or
answered, and will be scored even if it is still marked
upon completion of the Exam.
Candidates are encouraged to take notes during the
tutorial on whiteboards that can be supplied by the
testing center upon request. They are not automatically
supplied. Testing center staff will collect whiteboards at
the completion of the Exam. Candidates are not
allowed to bring their own scratch paper or writing
instruments into the testing room.
Please Note: There might be some distractions in the
testing situation because:
• Other candidates may be taking exams that require
narrative responses, and there may be keyboard
noise.
• Proctors will be entering the testing room on a
regular basis to observe activity and to seat other
candidates or answer inquiries.
• Other minor distractions might include ambient
noise from outside the testing room.
If a candidate is concerned that these kinds of
distractions will affect test performance, he or she
may request earplugs and/or noise cancelling
headphones after arriving at the testing center. This
does not require pre-approval. Candidates are not
allowed to bring their own earplugs into the testing
room.
The total number of correct responses determines a
candidates score. Therefore, it is to the candidates
advantage to answer every item, even when uncertain
of the correct response. The candidate should choose
the single best answer to each item.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug