Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : GPHR
Exam Name : Global Professional in Human Resource (HRCI)
Vendor Name : HR
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GPHR test Format | GPHR Course Contents | GPHR Course Outline | GPHR test Syllabus | GPHR test Objectives
Exam Code: GPHR
Exam Name: HRCI Global Professional in Human Resource
Number of Questions: 140 (scored + pretest)
Duration: 3 hours (180 minutes)
Question Types: Multiple-choice (single best answer)
Passing Score: Scaled score of 500 (on a scale of 100-700)
Exam Type: Computer-based (Pearson VUE test centers or online proctored)
- Participate in the development and implementation of the HR strategy to align with the global business strategy (e.g., evaluate local labor market conditions, regulation requirements, costs, language, barriers to entry, PESTLE analysis)
- Implement workforce planning in alignment with the global business strategy (e.g., evaluate local labor market conditions, regulation requirements, costs, language, barriers to entry, PESTLE analysis, gap analysis output)
- Prepare and execute elements of workforce restructuring in a global environment (e.g., local laws, risks, international laws, market practices, reputational risk, cost, training capabilities, labor relations, workplace culture, morale, systems, benefits, methodologies)
- Design and execute a global HR delivery model (e.g., model – regional CoE, global CoE, business partnering, decentralized, local considerations – strategy, expertise, optimization, process improvement, cost savings, talent availability, language availability, time zone considerations – “follow the sun”)
- Create and manage a global organization design (e.g., local rules on local managers, compliance, cultural differences, time zones, span of control, technology platforms for communications, language)
- Describe the role, benefits, and limitations of outsourcing, offshoring, and shared services models (e.g., strategy, expertise, optimization, process improvement, cost savings, talent availability, language availability, time zone considerations – “follow the sun”)
- Use common HR metrics to evaluate HR contributions to the achievement of the organizations strategic goals (e.g., recruiting, cost per hire, engagement, employee net promoter score (eNPS), time to fill, return-on-investment (ROI), turnover rate, employee overseas assignment ROI)
- Compare and contrast organic and inorganic (greenfield, brownfield, merger and acquisition) growth strategies from a global HR perspective
- Determine and manage the HR processes during a merger, acquisition, or divestiture in a global organization (e.g., legal compliance, employee selection, resources, employee welfare, communications, buyer and seller obligations to employees, labor relations)
- Apply various strategies for operating in countries with minimal headcount (e.g., PEO, use another countrys legal entity, purchase of an entity, partnership with local entity, establish a legal entity, representative office, joint venture)
- Describe the role, benefits, and limitations of using a Professional Employment Organization (PEO)
- Evaluate the components of a talent management strategy (e.g., strategic employee planning, talent acquisition and retention, performance management, learning and motivating, total rewards, career development and succession planning)
- Evaluate different approaches to sourcing talent at a global level (e.g., build/buy/borrow, internal/ external recruiting, internal transfers, recruitment process outsourcing (RPO), consultants, employee referrals, social media strategy)
- Conduct and administer a global talent test (e.g., tools, methodology, assessor selection, cultural relevancy, unconscious bias, output, build/buy/borrow talent)
- Evaluate the differences among various alternate work arrangements (e.g., job sharing, flexible schedules, telecommuting, virtual/remote, cross border) for a global workforce (e.g., cost compliance, productivity, effectiveness, technology, cultural, laws, retention strategy, work-life balance)
- Identify the risks and benefits of leveraging nonemployees (independent contractors, consultants, third-party contractors) in a global organization (e.g., joint or co-employment, misclassification, financial risks such as owing backpay, legal risks)
- Design and implement learning and development programs for a global workforce (e.g., language, culture, delivery method, learning styles, gap exam, time zones, costs, tools, connectivity, technology)
- Design and implement a performance management framework for a global workforce (e.g., goal setting, laws/regulations, strategy culture, systems/platforms, training, change management)
- Use diagnostic tools in global organizations to assess employee engagement (e.g., exit surveys, onboarding surveys, engagement surveys, employee net promoter score, stay interviews)
- Implement programs to Boost employee engagement and retention in a global organization (e.g., peer recognition platforms, mentoring and coaching, communication or social platforms)
- Evaluate the impact of employee organizations (works councils and local unions) on employees, business strategy, and practices, globally and locally
- Evaluate the impact of the International Labour Organization (ILO), Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and United Nations (UN) on employees, business strategy, and practice
- Implement, integrate, automate, and maintain global HR systems and tools (e.g., data privacy, reporting, user experience, regulatory, automation, applicability, and effectiveness)
- Manage employee data analytics and other emerging technologies in a global environment (e.g., different and relevant benchmarks, different countries, common definitions, different units of measurement, different industries, data privacy, selecting appropriate measures for outcomes)
- Analyze the role, benefits, and limitations of the various types of expatriate assignments (e.g., local plus, hybrid, long-term, short-term)
- Compare and contrast the following employee types (e.g., host country national, parent country national, third country national, local national)
- Facilitate the expatriation of an employee going on an overseas assignment (e.g., planning, communication, culture and language training, logistical support, integration, family acclimation, visa and immigration)
- Assess and administer the demographic factors when selecting employees for an overseas assignment which may not normally be considered for a local position (e.g., religion, sexual orientation, family status, gender, gender identity, nationality, special needs, pets, cultural adaptability, and age)
- Apply the primary incremental variables included in a cost analysis for an overseas assignment (e.g., immigration, relocation expenses, housing, car allowance, education allowance, home leave allowance, travel allowance, air travel to and from assignment, COLA, consulting fees, and taxes)
- Recognize and articulate country-to-country differences (regulatory, statutory, and customary) in the hiring and onboarding process for expatriates (e.g., preemployment screening, personally identifiable information, preemployment health check, technological, benefits enrollment, offers vs employment agreements, orienting, immigration, visa, work permit requirements)
- Identify the most common types of visas applicable to employees and their families who are working or traveling outside their home country
- Identify the potential country-to-country differences (regulatory, statutory, and customary) in the offboarding process for expatriates (e.g., notice pay, removing from benefits, immigration, government notification, departure travel, return travel, labor organization notification, settlement agreements)
- Plan and execute the successful repatriation of an employee on an overseas assignment (e.g., planning, communication, having a new position, integration, family re-acclimation, visa, immigration)
- Describe the key considerations when localizing expatriates (e.g., housing, childrens education, compensation, visa and immigration requirements, migration to local salary and rewards, terms and conditions, portability)
- Evaluate the primary considerations for a repatriate or expatriate and his/her family when preparing to relocate
- Describe the cultural dynamics that may impact strategy and behavior in a cross-border context (i.e., Trompenaars and Hofstede)
- Identify and apply the potential elements of cultural differences and norms when designing HR programs for a global workforce (i.e., Trompenaars and Hofstede)
- Evaluate the key considerations to mitigate the risks and identify the opportunities for promoting diversity and inclusion in a global workforce (e.g., cultural, religious, social, political, legal, and special needs considerations)
- Implement and maintain corporate social responsibility (CSR) and ethics program (e.g., employer branding and reputation, risk management, employee engagement, employee satisfaction, strategic partnerships/vendor requirements, cost, obligations, legal and statutory obligation, bribery and corrupt practices: US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, Safe Harbor Privacy Principles, UK Bribery Act)
- Identify the most common total reward strategies and complexities of statutory and market requirements for local employees and/or expatriates from the perspectives of both the organization and the employee (e.g., health and welfare benefits, compensation, retirement, payroll, equity compensation and taxation, cost analysis, double taxation, totalization agreements)
- Evaluate the key compensation philosophies of an expatriate package (e.g., host country, home country, Big Mac Index, COLA)
- Identify the components of supplemental pay (e.g., per diems, hazard pay, hardship allowance, stipends) for local or expatriate employees
- Identify the circumstances (e.g., political unrest, climate extremes, excessive crime, unusual work schedules) where supplemental pay may be required for local or expatriate employees
- Compare and contrast the two primary retirement plan types (defined benefit and defined contribution), considering both statutory and voluntary schemes
- Determine the key considerations in developing and implementing a strategy to proactively manage physical safety and security risks for employees globally
- Describe the resources commonly used to assess, mitigate, and manage security risks, incidents, and evacuations (e.g., kidnap and ransom insurance, travel and medical services)
- Evaluate the types of controls in a global HR environment used to manage risk and maintain compliance (e.g., audits, segregation of duties, quality assurance, multi-level approvals, external accreditation, control or exception reporting)
- Implement and maintain global anti-discrimination, anti-bullying, and anti-harassment policies (e.g., laws, processes, reporting requirements, representation, outcome/consequences, education, language, cultural norms)
- Develop and execute a global employee investigation plan (e.g., investigator selection, laws, processes, timeline and reporting requirements, representation, outcome/consequences)
- Identify the key principles of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (e.g., lawfulness, fairness and transparency, purpose limitations, data minimization, accuracy, storage limitation, integrity and compliance, accountability and compliance)
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug

