Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : H13-611
Exam Name : Huawei Certified ICT Associate - HCIA-Storage V5.0
Vendor Name : Huawei
Update : Click Here to Check Latest Update
Total MCQs : Check Questions

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H13-611 test Format | H13-611 Course Contents | H13-611 Course Outline | H13-611 test Syllabus | H13-611 test Objectives


Exam Code: H13-611- H13-611_V5.0-ENU
Exam Name: HCIA-Storage V5.0
Exam Level: Associate (Entry-level)
Duration: 90 minutes
Number of Questions: Approximately 60
Passing Score: 600/1000
Exam Format: Multiple-choice (single and multiple answers)- drag-and-drop- and scenario-based questions
Language: Available in English and Chinese

Domain 1: Understanding Storage Technology Trends
- Latest storage technologies and trends.
- Storage technologies for AI- big data- and cloud.
- Introduction to storage ecosystems.

Domain 2: Understanding Basic Storage Technologies
- Storage architecture- devices- and protocols.
- Fundamental principles of storage design and implementation.
- Storage networking technologies (e.g.- FCSAN- IPSAN).

Domain 3: Understanding Huawei Intelligent Storage Products and Features
- Features and functionalities of Huawei storage products.
- Configuration and management of Huawei storage solutions.

Domain 4: Understanding Storage System O&M Management
- Operation and maintenance of storage systems in data centers.
- Business continuity solutions and their applications.
- Storage system troubleshooting and management.

1. Understanding Storage Technology Trends (5%)
- Evolution of storage technologies in the context of AI- big data- and cloud computing.
- Introduction to storage ecosystems and their components.
- Industry trends impacting storage (e.g.- intelligent storage- software-defined storage).
- Storage requirements for AI-driven workloads.
- Big data storage architectures and scalability.
- Cloud storage models (public- private- hybrid).
- Storage ecosystem components (hardware- software- protocols).
- Software-Defined Storage (SDS): A storage architecture that separates storage management from underlying hardware.
- Cloud Storage: Scalable storage services hosted on cloud infrastructure.
- Big Data: Large- complex datasets requiring specialized storage solutions.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI): Use of machine learning and analytics in storage optimization.
- Storage Ecosystem: Interconnected components (e.g.- servers- storage devices- networks) for data management.

2. Understanding Basic Storage Technologies (50%)
- Storage system architectures and components.
- Storage devices- media- and their characteristics.
- Storage networking technologies (FCSAN- IPSAN- NAS).
- Data organization and access methods.
- Basic storage principles (e.g.- RAID- data protection).

- Storage System Architecture:
- Controller-based vs. distributed architectures.
- Block- file- and object storage.
- Storage Devices:
- Hard Disk Drives (HDDs)- Solid-State Drives (SSDs)- and tape storage.
- Storage interfaces (SATA- SAS- NVMe).
- Storage Networking:
- Fibre Channel SAN (FCSAN): Components- zoning- and topologies.
- IP SAN (iSCSI): Configuration and use cases.
- Network-Attached Storage (NAS): Protocols (NFS- CIFS/SMB).
- Data Organization:
- Logical Unit Number (LUN) management.
- File systems and their roles.
- RAID Technologies:
- RAID levels (0- 1- 5- 6- 10- 50).
- RAID performance and redundancy.
- Data Protection:
- Backup and recovery methods.
- Snapshot and replication technologies.

- Block Storage: Data stored in fixed-size blocks- used in SAN environments.
- File Storage: Data stored in hierarchical file structures- used in NAS.
- Object Storage: Data stored as objects with metadata- used in cloud environments.
- Fibre Channel (FC): High-speed network protocol for SANs.
- iSCSI (Internet Small Computer Systems Interface): IP-based protocol for SAN storage.
- NAS (Network-Attached Storage): File-level storage accessible over a network.
- RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks): Technology for data redundancy and performance.
- LUN (Logical Unit Number): Identifier for a storage device or partition.
- Snapshot: Point-in-time copy of data for backup or recovery.
- NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express): High-performance storage protocol for SSDs.
- Zoning: Logical grouping of devices in a SAN for access control.
- CIFS/SMB: Protocols for file sharing in Windows environments.
- NFS (Network File System): Protocol for file sharing in UNIX/Linux environments.

3. Understanding Huawei Intelligent Storage Products and Features (35%)
- Overview of Huawei storage products (e.g.- OceanStor series).
- Key features of Huawei intelligent storage solutions.
- Configuration and management of Huawei storage systems.
- Application scenarios for Huawei storage products.

- Huawei Storage Products:
- OceanStor Dorado (all-flash storage).
- OceanStor Pacific (mass data storage).
- OceanStor (hybrid flash storage).
- Intelligent Features:
- SmartTier: Automated data tiering for performance optimization.
- SmartDedupe: Data deduplication for storage efficiency.
- SmartCompression: Real-time data compression.
- HyperMetro: Active-active storage for high availability.
- HyperSnap: Snapshot technology for data protection.
- Configuration and Management:
- Storage system initialization and setup.
- Storage pool and LUN configuration.
- DeviceManager and eService for management.
- Use Cases:
- Enterprise data centers.
- Virtualization and cloud environments.
- Database and big data analytics.

- OceanStor: Huaweis flagship storage product line.
- Dorado: Huaweis all-flash storage for high-performance workloads.
- SmartTier: Dynamic data placement across storage tiers.
- HyperMetro: Dual-active storage solution for zero data loss.
- SmartDedupe: Elimination of redundant data to save space.
- SmartCompression: Inline data compression for efficiency.
- HyperSnap: Huaweis snapshot technology for backups.
- DeviceManager: Huaweis storage management software.
- eService: Cloud-based management and maintenance platform.
- Storage Pool: Logical grouping of physical storage resources.

4. Understanding Storage System O&M Management (10%)
- Storage system operation and maintenance (O&M) processes.
- Business continuity and disaster recovery solutions.
- Troubleshooting common storage issues.
- Performance monitoring and optimization.

- O&M Processes:
- System monitoring and health checks.
- Capacity planning and resource allocation.
- Business Continuity:
- Backup and restore procedures.
- Disaster recovery (DR) planning and replication.
- Troubleshooting:
- Diagnosing connectivity issues in SAN/NAS environments.
- Resolving performance bottlenecks.
- Performance Optimization:
- Monitoring IOPS- latency- and throughput.
- Tuning storage configurations for workloads.

- O&M (Operation and Maintenance): Routine tasks to ensure system reliability.
- Disaster Recovery (DR): Strategies to restore data and services after failures.
- Replication: Copying data to a secondary site for redundancy.
- IOPS (Input/Output Operations Per Second): Measure of storage performance.
- Latency: Time taken for a storage operation to complete.
- Throughput: Data transfer rate in a storage system.
- Backup: Copy of data for recovery purposes.
- High Availability (HA): System design to minimize downtime.



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug