Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : HESI-A2
Exam Name : HESI-A2
Vendor Name : Admission-Tests
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HESI-A2 test Format | HESI-A2 Course Contents | HESI-A2 Course Outline | HESI-A2 test Syllabus | HESI-A2 test Objectives


Test Detail:
The Health Education Systems, Inc. Admission Assessment (HESI-A2) test is a standardized test used by many nursing programs as part of the admission process. It assesses the academic readiness and critical thinking skills of prospective nursing students. Below is a detailed description of the test, including the number of questions and time allocation, course outline, test objectives, and test syllabus.

Number of Questions and Time:
The HESI-A2 test consists of several sections, and the number of questions and time allocation may vary depending on the nursing program. However, the test typically includes the following sections and approximate time limits:

1. Math: Approximately 50 questions (50 minutes)
2. memorizing Comprehension: Approximately 50 questions (60 minutes)
3. Vocabulary and General Knowledge: Approximately 50 questions (50 minutes)
4. Grammar: Approximately 50 questions (50 minutes)
5. Anatomy and Physiology: Approximately 30 questions (25 minutes)

Please note that the number of questions and time allocation can vary slightly across different versions of the HESI-A2 exam.

Course Outline:
The HESI-A2 test covers various subject areas that are essential for success in nursing education. The test content typically includes the following key areas:

1. Math:
- Basic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
- Fractions, decimals, and percentages
- Ratios and proportions
- Basic algebraic concepts
- Measurement conversions

2. memorizing Comprehension:
- memorizing and understanding passages
- Identifying main ideas and supporting details
- Making inferences and drawing conclusions
- Understanding vocabulary in context

3. Vocabulary and General Knowledge:
- Synonyms and antonyms
- Word meanings and definitions
- Contextual word usage
- General knowledge courses such as science, history, and geography

4. Grammar:
- Parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs)
- Sentence structure and punctuation
- Subject-verb agreement
- Pronouns and their usage
- Capitalization and spelling

5. Anatomy and Physiology:
- Basic anatomy and physiology concepts
- Body systems (skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.)
- Medical terminology related to the human body

Exam Objectives:
The HESI-A2 test aims to assess the fundamental academic skills and knowledge required for success in nursing education. The key objectives of the test include:

1. Evaluating Math Skills: Assessing the candidate's ability to perform mathematical calculations and solve problems related to dosage calculations, measurements, and basic algebraic concepts.

2. Testing memorizing Comprehension: Assessing the candidate's ability to understand and analyze written passages, draw conclusions, and answer questions based on the information provided.

3. Assessing Vocabulary and Grammar Skills: Testing the candidate's understanding of vocabulary, word usage, and grammatical rules necessary for effective communication in a healthcare setting.

4. Evaluating Knowledge of Anatomy and Physiology: Assessing the candidate's understanding of basic anatomy and physiology concepts, body systems, and medical terminology.

Exam Syllabus:
The HESI-A2 test syllabus covers a range of courses in math, memorizing comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, and anatomy and physiology. It is designed to evaluate the candidate's readiness for nursing education. The specific content and emphasis may vary slightly across different versions of the exam. It is advisable to consult official HESI-A2 study guides and resources provided by the testing organization or the nursing program for accurate and up-to-date information on the test syllabus.



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Admission-Tests HESI-A2 information hunger

 

Admissions Information

To be considered for admission, international students must have the academic, linguistic, and financial abilities to successfully complete the professional program. Specific requirements are as follows:

Academic RequirementsInternational applicants must fulfill the same undergraduate academic requirements as United States applicants.

Foreign TranscriptsInternational applicants are required to submit official foreign transcripts to an approved foreign transcript evaluation service for a course-by-course U.S. equivalency report. The official evaluation should then be sent to OptomCAS. They highly recommend that you contact the foreign transcript evaluation service as early as possible. The service may take several weeks to process your foreign transcript once it is received. Below is a list of commonly used and accepted evaluation services.

Testing and Interview Requirements

  • All applicants must take the Optometry Admission Test (OAT). Other accepted entrance exams includes the MCAT, DAT and PCAT.
  • If English is not the primary language, the student will be required to take the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL).
  • Visa InformationStudents who are outside the US and admitted to the UAB School of Optometry must generally obtain an F-1 or J-1 student visa to enter the US to begin classes. The UAB Office of International Student and Scholar Services (ISSS) will assist you and provide the information necessary to obtain a visa after admission. Specific information on sponsorship and financial requirements can be obtained from:

    International Student and Scholar ServicesMelvin H. Sterne Library917 13th Street SouthBirmingham, AL 35294Telephone (205) 934-3328This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.


    Graduate Admission FAQ

    Find answers to frequently asked questions about the admission process at Saint Louis University, including information about transcripts, financial aid and more. 

    The Application Process 

    Graduate admission requirements at Saint Louis University may vary by program. Contact the department directly for minimum test scores and other required materials. You can find contact information, as well as additional admission requirements, on degree-specific pages or answers to frequently asked admission questions below: 

    Can I apply to more than one program?

    Yes. The University offers several pre-approved dual degree programs. SLU also considers any requests to enroll in two programs and pursue multiple degrees at the same time on a case-by-case basis.

    Contact the departments of both programs to determine the eligibility and policies for a concurrent enrollment. If you wish to pursue a dual-degree, you will need to apply and be accepted by both degree programs.

    Transcripts

    Your academic transcripts will be required for graduate admission to Saint Louis University. Learn more below: 

    Tuition and Financial Aid

    Saint Louis University's graduate tuition and fees vary by specific program.

    See a Current Schedule of Tuition & Fees

    Assistantships are awarded by individual programs or departments and usually require you to assist with teaching, research or other departmental duties. As part of your application, you’ll be asked to indicate whether you are interested in an assistantship, but you should also check with your program to see if any additional application is required. The program or department can provide you with details on the availability of assistantships.

    Fellowships are awarded to newly accepted master's or doctoral level students who demonstrate outstanding scholastic achievement and potential for success.

    More on Graduate Assistantships and Fellowships at SLU

    International students may have additional admission requirements to Saint Louis University's academic programs. Specific information can be found on degree-specific pages. For general questions, see below: 


    Admissions information

    For applicants from the UK who are eligible for Home tuition fees, contextual information is used to gain a more complete picture of the educational and individual context of an applicant. This allows their admissions selectors to assess achievement and potential whilst recognising the challenges an applicant may have faced in their educational or individual circumstances.

    You do not need to do anything in addition to the standard UCAS application, your application will automatically have the contextual information added when they receive it.

    What contextual information is used?

    The following nine pieces of contextual information will be flagged for the attention of the admissions selector:

    1. Care experienced (This means you will have spent time living with foster carers under local authority care, in residential care (e.g. a children’s home), looked after at home under a supervision order, or in kinship care with relatives or friends, either officially (e.g. a special guardianship order) or informally without local authority support). This information is self-declared on the UCAS form and Tested at a later stage.

    2. The performance of the school/college where the applicant took their GCSEs (or equivalent qualification). Specifically, where the school’s or college’s performance is below the national average.

    3. The performance of the school/college where the applicant took their A-levels (or equivalent qualification). Specifically, where the school’s or college’s performance is below the national average.

    4. The home postcode of the applicant is compared against the POLAR 4 dataset. The Office for Students (OfS) assess how likely young people from different postcodes are to progress to Higher Education. They will flag applicants with postcodes in quintiles 1 and 2 (the 40 per cent least likely to progress to Higher Education). The Office for Students has a POLAR 4 postcode checker on their website.

    5. The home postcode of the applicant is compared against the IMD (Indices of Multiple Deprivation) dataset. They will flag applicants with postcodes in quintiles 1 and 2 (the 40 per cent most deprived areas). The UK Government has this postcode checker for English postcodes on their website. For the IMD classification of Northern Irish postcodes see this postcode checker; for the IMD classification of Scottish postcodes see this postcode checker; and for the IMD classification of Welsh postcodes see this postcode checker.

    6. The home postcode of the applicant is compared to CACI’s Acorn dataset. CACI classifies postcodes according to a range of socio-demographic indicators. They will flag applicants with postcodes in Acorn types 40 and above.

    7. Participation in an intensive LSE Widening Participation (WP) programme. They will flag applicants who have completed LSE CHOICE, LSE Pathways to Law, LSE Pathways to Banking and Finance, Promoting Potential or the LSE Year 11 Summer School/LSE COMPASS.

    8. Participation in any Sutton Trust Pathways programme at any UK university. This includes Pathways to Engineering, Pathways to Medicine, Pathways to Law (in-person or online), Pathways to Banking and Finance (in-person or online), and Pathways to Consulting online.

    9. Where a student is known to have been eligible for Free School Meals (FSM) in the previous six years.

    10. Other individual circumstances that may have disrupted or adversely affected an applicant’s education and achievement, as outlined in an Extenuating Circumstances Form.

    How is contextual information used?

    Applicants who have been flagged for the attention of the admissions selector will receive additional consideration.The selector may use this information in the following ways:

    - to make an applicant a standard offer where the applicant’s academic record (eg, GCSEs/AS levels or equivalent) or personal statement may be marginally less competitive than the cohort overall

    - to make an applicant a standard offer where the applicant is predicted marginally below the usual entry requirements

    - when making confirmation decisions for offer holders that have marginally failed to meet the entry criteria (usually this means one grade below the standard entry requirements).

    Eligible students (students flagged with a home postcode that is classified as POLAR4 Quintile 1 or IMD Quintile 1, as a care leaver, or a participant in a specified LSE WP programme or a Sutton Trust Pathways programme), may be considered for a contextual offer. The contextual offer will be one grade lower than the standard offer for the programme (with the exception of LLB Laws, BA/BSc Anthropology, BA Geography, BSc Geography with Economics, BSc Environment and Development, BSc Environmental Policy with Economics, and BSc International Social and Public Policy, where the contextual offer will be 2 grades lower than the standard offer). Any mathematics requirement must still be met.

    All academic departments are participating in the contextual offer scheme.

    The contextual offer grades are listed alongside the standard offer A-level and IB entry requirements on the relevant programme pages. 

    Contextual information is used as part of the holistic admissions test and applicants are assessed alongside all other similar applicants, therefore having a contextual flag does not ensure that an offer will be made.


     


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    Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

    Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

    Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

    Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

    Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

    Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

    Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

    Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

    Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

    Höhere Gewalt

    Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

    Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

    Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

    Technisches Versagen

    Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

    Kriminelle Ursachen

    Hackerangriffe

    Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

    Physischer Angriff

    Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

    Erpressung

    Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

    Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

    Cyber-Kosten:

    • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
    • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
    • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
    • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

    Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

    • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
    • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
    • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
    • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
    • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
    • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
    • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

    Cyber-Eigenschäden:

    • Betriebsunterbrechung
    • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
    • Mehrkosten
    • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
    • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
    • Cyber-Erpressung
    • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
    • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
    • Cyber-Betrug