Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : HPE7-A01
Exam Name : Aruba Certified Campus Access Professional
Vendor Name : HP
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HPE7-A01 exam Format | HPE7-A01 Course Contents | HPE7-A01 Course Outline | HPE7-A01 exam Syllabus | HPE7-A01 exam Objectives


Exam Code: HPE7-A01
Exam Name: Aruba Certified Campus Access Professional
Certification: Successful candidates earn the Aruba Certified Campus Access Professional certification.
Exam Duration: 1 hour 30 minutes (90 minutes).
Number of Questions: Approximately 60 questions.
Question Types: Multiple-choice, multiple-select, drag-and-drop, and scenario-based questions.
Passing Score: The passing score is not publicly disclosed by Aruba and may vary.
Language: English.

- Network Design Principles:
- Hierarchical network design (Core, Distribution, Access layers)
- High availability and redundancy
- VRRP
- MSTP
- VSX
- Scalability and modularity
- Network segmentation
- VLANs
- PVLANs

- Aruba Architecture:
- ArubaOS-CX switching architecture
- Aruba Wireless LAN architecture (controller-based vs. controllerless)
- Centralized vs. distributed forwarding

- Network Virtualization:
- VSX (Virtual Switching Extension)
- VSF (Virtual Switching Framework)
- Stacking technologies

- Network Topologies:
- Mesh networks
- Ring topologies
- Branch and campus topologies

- ArubaOS-CX Switch Features:
- Switch provisioning and initialization
- Port configuration (access, trunk, hybrid)
- Link Aggregation (LACP, static LAG)
- Spanning Tree Protocols (STP, RSTP, MSTP)

- Layer 2 Technologies:
- VLANs and VLAN tagging (802.1Q)
- Private VLANs (PVLANs)
- MAC address table management

- Layer 3 Technologies:
- Static routing
- Dynamic routing protocols (OSPF, BGP)
- VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding)

- Quality of Service (QoS):
- Traffic classification and marking (DSCP, CoS)
- Queuing and scheduling
- Policing and shaping

- Security Features:
- Port security (MAC lockdown, DHCP snooping)
- Dynamic Segmentation (Role-Based Access Control)
- ACLs (Access Control Lists)

- Wireless Fundamentals:
- RF fundamentals (frequency bands, channels, interference)
- Wireless standards (802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax)
- Antenna types and coverage patterns

- Aruba Wireless Architecture:
- Controller-based vs. Instant AP architectures
- AirWave vs. Aruba Central management
- AP provisioning and configuration

- Wireless Security:
- Encryption protocols (WPA2, WPA3)
- Authentication methods (PSK, 802.1X, EAP)
- Captive portal and guest access

- Wireless Optimization:
- RF management (ARM - Adaptive Radio Management)
- Band steering and load balancing
- Airtime fairness and channel utilization

- Advanced Wireless Features:
- Mesh networking
- Wireless intrusion detection/prevention (WIDS/WIPS)
- Location-based services

- Aruba Management Platforms:
- Aruba Central (cloud-based management)
- AirWave (on-premises management)
- Aruba Instant UI

- Network Monitoring:
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
- Syslog and logging
- NetFlow and sFlow

- Troubleshooting Tools:
- Packet capture and analysis
- Debug commands and logs
- Network analytics and insights

- Automation and Programmability:
- REST APIs and Python scripting
- Ansible and Puppet for network automation
- Zero Touch Provisioning (ZTP)

- Authentication and Authorization:
- ClearPass Policy Manager (CPPM)
- Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
- 802.1X authentication

- Network Access Control (NAC):
- Dynamic Segmentation
- Guest access and onboarding
- Device profiling and posture exam

- Threat Protection:
- Firewall policies and stateful inspection
- IDS/IPS (Intrusion Detection/Prevention Systems)
- Aruba's User Experience Insight (UXI) for threat detection

- Secure Management:
- SSH, HTTPS, and secure access protocols
- Role-based access for network devices
- TACACS+ and RADIUS for administrative access

- Protocols for Redundancy:
- VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol)
- MSTP (Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol)
- VSX (Virtual Switching Extension)

- Link Redundancy:
- LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol)
- Uplink failure detection

- Device Redundancy:
- Stacking technologies (VSF)
- Controller redundancy in wireless networks

- Troubleshooting Methodology:
- Identifying and isolating network issues
- Using diagnostic tools (ping, traceroute, debug)

- Performance Optimization:
- Optimizing RF performance
- Reducing latency and jitter
- Load balancing and traffic shaping

- Common Issues:
- Connectivity issues (wired and wireless)
- Authentication failures
- Performance degradation

- IoT and Edge Connectivity:
- IoT device onboarding and security
- Edge computing and fog networking

- Cloud-Managed Networks:
- Aruba Central features and capabilities
- Cloud-based monitoring and analytics

- AI and Machine Learning in Networking:
- AI-driven network insights
- Predictive analytics for network performance



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug