Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : HQT-4210
Exam Name : Hitachi Data Systems Certified Professional - NAS installation HAT
Vendor Name : Hitachi
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HQT-4210 exam Format | HQT-4210 Course Contents | HQT-4210 Course Outline | HQT-4210 exam Syllabus | HQT-4210 exam Objectives
Exam Details:
- Number of Questions: The HQT-4210 Hitachi Data Systems Certified Professional - NAS installation exam is a multiple-choice exam. The number of questions may vary, but typically ranges from 60 to 80 questions.
- Time: Candidates are usually given 90 minutes to complete the exam. However, please note that exam durations can be subject to change, so it is advisable to check the official Hitachi Vantara certification website for the most up-to-date information.
Course Outline:
The HQT-4210 exam focuses on assessing the knowledge and skills of professionals involved in the installation and configuration of Hitachi Data Systems NAS (Network Attached Storage) solutions. The course outline covers the following key topics:
1. NAS Fundamentals: Understanding the fundamentals of Network Attached Storage, including NAS architecture, protocols (NFS, CIFS/SMB), and file system concepts.
2. Hitachi NAS Solution Overview: Familiarizing yourself with the Hitachi Data Systems NAS solution, its features, benefits, and use cases. Understanding the various components of Hitachi NAS systems, such as hardware, software, and networking.
3. NAS Installation Planning: Planning and preparing for NAS installation, including assessing customer requirements, designing storage configurations, and ensuring compatibility with existing infrastructure.
4. Hitachi NAS Installation: Performing the installation and initial configuration of Hitachi NAS systems. This includes setting up physical components, network connectivity, configuring storage pools, and creating file systems.
5. NAS System Administration: Managing and administering Hitachi NAS systems post-installation. This includes user and group management, access control, data protection mechanisms, monitoring system performance, and troubleshooting common issues.
6. NAS Integration and Interoperability: Understanding the integration aspects of Hitachi NAS systems with other IT infrastructure components, such as Active Directory, DNS, NIS, and backup solutions. Ensuring interoperability and seamless data access across the network.
Exam Objectives:
The objectives of the HQT-4210 Hitachi Data Systems Certified Professional - NAS installation exam include:
1. Assessing Product Knowledge: Evaluate the candidate's understanding of Hitachi Data Systems NAS solutions, their features, architecture, and components.
2. Testing Technical Competencies: Validate the candidate's proficiency in planning, installing, and configuring Hitachi NAS systems, as well as their ability to administer and troubleshoot these systems.
3. Certifying NAS Installation Professionals: Provide a recognized certification for professionals who demonstrate their expertise in installing and configuring Hitachi Data Systems NAS solutions.
Exam Syllabus:
The HQT-4210 exam syllabus covers the following syllabus (but is not limited to):
1. NAS Fundamentals:
- Network Attached Storage (NAS) overview
- NAS protocols (NFS, CIFS/SMB)
- File system concepts and features
2. Hitachi NAS Solution Overview:
- Hitachi Data Systems NAS solution features and benefits
- Hitachi NAS hardware components and configurations
- Hitachi NAS software components and functionality
3. NAS Installation Planning:
- Assessing customer requirements for NAS installation
- Designing storage configurations and capacity planning
- Compatibility exam with existing infrastructure
4. Hitachi NAS Installation:
- Physical installation of Hitachi NAS systems
- Network connectivity and configuration
- Storage pool creation and configuration
- File system creation and configuration
5. NAS System Administration:
- User and group management on Hitachi NAS systems
- Access control and permissions management
- Data protection mechanisms (RAID, snapshots, replication)
- Performance monitoring and troubleshooting
6. NAS Integration and Interoperability:
- Integration with Active Directory, DNS, NIS, and other IT infrastructure components
- Data access and sharing across heterogeneous environments
- Backup and restore procedures and integration with backup solutions
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First Rail commercial projects director Phil Cameron said: “Yesterday marked a major milestone for the new fleet with its first test run to Llandudno Junction. “This will help provide vital information on the route and the fleet’s performance, to ensure the new trains are fully prepared for when they enter into service next year.” The new trains are part of a £350m ($449m) project to bring ten seven-carriage electric trains and 13 five-carriage bi-mode trains, which can switch between electric and diesel power, into the operator’s fleet. The bi-mode trains tested this week will be used on the London to North Wales route, while the electric trains will run between London, the West Midlands and Liverpool. Further testing is expected on the Class 805 trains to check their compatibility with the route and its infrastructure, including the port terminus of Caergybi/Holyhead. Cameron added: “Our investment in the new fleet will help raise the bar for rail travellers in North Wales and is part of their wider commitment to transform the customer experience and a more sustainable operation.” The test run to North Wales follows the first test run of the trains earlier this year in February when the Class 805s completed a 560-mile round trip from Alstom’s Oxley depot in Wolverhampton to Glasgow Central station. The new Hitachi trains will replace Avanti’s Voyager trains and provide a 61% reduction in carbon emissions as part of the operator’s ambitious goal to reach net zero by 2031. Avanti celebrated success in the running of its routes this year when its contract was extended by six months in March after it was put on a short-term contract in October 2022 with warnings to urgently Boost its service after severe criticism about its operations. |
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug