Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : IAPP-CIPP-E
Exam Name : Certified Information Privacy Professional/Europe (CIPP/E)
Vendor Name : IAPP
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IAPP-CIPP-E test Format | IAPP-CIPP-E Course Contents | IAPP-CIPP-E Course Outline | IAPP-CIPP-E test Syllabus | IAPP-CIPP-E test Objectives
Exam Code: IAPP-CIPP-E
Exam Name: Certified Information Privacy Professional/Europe (CIPP/E)
Format: 90 multiple-choice questions (60 scored, 20 non-scored trial items).
Duration: 150 minutes (2.5 hours).
Passing Score: 300 out of 500 (approximately 65-80% correct answers).
Languages: Available in English, French, and German.
Domain I: Introduction to European Data Protection
- Origins and Historical Context of Data Protection Law:
- Evolution of data protection in Europe.
- Key milestones: European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), Convention 108 (Council of Europe), OECD Privacy Guidelines.
- Influence of national data protection laws pre-GDPR.
- Human Rights Laws:
- Article 8 of the ECHR (right to privacy).
- Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Articles 7 and 8).
- Interaction between human rights and data protection.
- European Union Institutions:
- Roles of the European Commission, Council of the European Union, European Parliament, and Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU).
- Influence of EU institutions on data protection policy.
- Legislative Framework:
- Overview of the GDPR and its scope.
- Pre-GDPR directives (e.g., Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC).
- Other relevant frameworks: ePrivacy Directive (2002/58/EC), Law Enforcement Directive (2016/680).
Domain II: European Data Protection Law and Regulation
- Data Protection Concepts:
- Personal data vs. non-personal data.
- Sensitive personal data (special categories under GDPR Article 9).
- Anonymization and pseudonymization.
- Data processing principles (lawfulness, fairness, transparency, purpose limitation, data minimization, accuracy, storage limitation, integrity, and confidentiality).
- Territorial and Material Scope of the GDPR:
- Application to EU and non-EU organizations (Article 3).
- Extraterritorial reach (e.g., targeting EU data subjects).
- Establishment and main establishment concepts.
- Data Processing Principles:
- GDPR Article 5 principles.
- Accountability and demonstrating compliance (Article 5(2)).
- Lawful Processing Criteria:
- Legal bases for processing (Article 6): consent, contract, legal obligation, vital interests, public task, legitimate interests.
- Conditions for consent (Article 7).
- Special categories of data (Article 9).
- Information Provision Obligations:
- Transparency requirements (Articles 12-14).
- Privacy notices and policies.
- Timing and format of information provision.
- Data Subjects Rights:
- Right to access (Article 15).
- Right to rectification (Article 16).
- Right to erasure (“right to be forgotten,” Article 17).
- Right to restriction of processing (Article 18).
- Right to data portability (Article 20).
- Right to object (Article 21).
- Automated decision-making and profiling (Article 22).
- Security of Personal Data:
- Technical and organizational measures (Article 32).
- Risk-based approach to security.
- Data breach notification requirements (Articles 33-34).
- Accountability Requirements:
- Data Protection by Design and by Default (Article 25).
- Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIAs, Article 35).
- Record of processing activities (Article 30).
- Appointment of Data Protection Officers (DPOs, Articles 37-39).
Domain III: Compliance with European Data Protection Laws and Regulations
- International Data Transfers:
- GDPR Chapter V (Articles 44-50).
- Adequacy decisions (Article 45).
- Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs).
- Binding Corporate Rules (BCRs).
- Schrems I and Schrems II rulings and their impact on EU-U.S. data transfers.
- Derogations (Article 49).
- Supervision and Enforcement:
- Role of Data Protection Authorities (DPAs).
- European Data Protection Board (EDPB) and European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS).
- One-stop-shop mechanism (Article 56).
- Cooperation and consistency mechanisms (Articles 60-62).
- Fines and penalties (Article 83).
- Consequences for GDPR Violations:
- Administrative fines (up to €20 million or 4% of annual global turnover).
- Corrective measures (Article 58).
- Liability and compensation (Article 82).
- Employment Data:
- Processing employee data under GDPR.
- Workplace monitoring and consent.
- National variations in employment data protection.
- Direct Marketing:
- ePrivacy Directive and GDPR interplay.
- Consent for electronic marketing.
- Opt-in vs. opt-out rules.
- Internet Technology and Communications:
- Cookies and tracking technologies (ePrivacy Directive).
- Privacy by Design in technology.
- AI and data ethics.
- Financial and Health Data:
- Special considerations for financial data.
- Processing health data (Article 9(2)).
- National derogations for sensitive data.
- Personal Data: Any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (data subject).
- Data Subject: A natural person whose personal data is processed.
- Data Controller: The entity that determines the purposes and means of processing personal data.
- Data Processor: The entity that processes personal data on behalf of the controller.
- Processing: Any operation performed on personal data (e.g., collection, storage, use, deletion).
- GDPR: General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679, the primary EU data protection law.
- Consent: Freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous agreement to data processing.
- Anonymization: Rendering personal data non-identifiable without the possibility of re-identification.
- Pseudonymization: Processing personal data so it can no longer be attributed to a data subject without additional information.
- Data Protection Officer (DPO): A designated individual responsible for overseeing GDPR compliance.
- Data Protection Authority (DPA): National or regional authority responsible for enforcing data protection laws.
- European Data Protection Board (EDPB): An EU body coordinating DPAs and issuing guidelines.
- Schrems II: A 2020 CJEU ruling invalidating the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield and emphasizing safeguards for international data transfers.
- Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs): Pre-approved contractual terms for international data transfers.
- Binding Corporate Rules (BCRs): Internal policies for intra-group international data transfers.
- Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA): A process to identify and mitigate risks in high-risk data processing.
- Privacy by Design and by Default: Embedding data protection into systems and processes from the outset.
- ePrivacy Directive: EU Directive 2002/58/EC governing electronic communications and cookies.
- Adequacy Decision: An EU determination that a third country ensures an adequate level of data protection.
- One-Stop-Shop Mechanism: A GDPR process allowing organizations to deal primarily with one DPA for cross-border processing.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug