Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : IAPP-CIPT
Exam Name : Certified Information Privacy Technologist
Vendor Name : IAPP
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IAPP-CIPT exam Format | IAPP-CIPT Course Contents | IAPP-CIPT Course Outline | IAPP-CIPT exam Syllabus | IAPP-CIPT exam Objectives
Exam Code: IAPP-CIPT
Exam Name: Certified Information Privacy Technologist
Total Questions: 90 multiple-choice questions (75 scored questions and 15 unscored questions)
Time Allotted: 2.5 hours (150 minutes) with a 15-minute break
Passing Score: 300 out of 500 scaled points
- Identify and implement legal and procedural roles and responsibilities.
- Understand various roles and responsibilities related to the privacy function (e.g., Data Governance [DPO, Data Owner, Data Steward, Data Custodian], legal compliance, cybersecurity).
- Translate legal and regulatory requirements into practical technical and/or operational solutions.
- Implement internal and external data protection and privacy notices, policies, guidelines and procedures.
- Identify and implement technical roles and responsibilities.
- Oversee technical elements of privacy operations and audits including third-party exams.
- Provide technical privacy support to identify and respond to privacy breaches and other types of incidents.
- Understand risk concepts (e.g., threat, vulnerability, attack, security exploit).
- Demonstrate knowledge of privacy risk models and frameworks and their roles in legal requirements and guidance.
- Apply common privacy risk models and frameworks (e.g., Nissenbaums Contextual Integrity, Calos Harms Dimensions, Factor Analysis in Information Risk (FAIR) model, NIST/NICE framework, FIPPS, OECD principles).
- Understand and apply common privacy threat models and frameworks (e.g., LINDDUN and MITRE PANOPTIC™).
- Understand the connection between data ethics and data privacy.
- Differentiate legal versus ethical processing of personal data (e.g., when comparing different jurisdictions).
- Understand the social and ethical issues when advising on privacy impacting designs and technologies (e.g., unlawful or unauthorized accessto personal data, manipulating societal conversations and attitudes on controversial topics).
- Identify and minimize bias/discrimination when advising/designing tools with automated decision-making (e.g., incorporating personal preference into data decisions).
- Demonstrate how to minimize privacy risk during personal data collection.
- Understand and apply requirements to provide data subjects with control over the processing of their personal data including consent requirements for personal data collection, use, disclosure, and retention (e.g., clear and accessible privacy notices, settings, dashboards, other consent management mechanisms).
- Implement measures to manage privacy risks associated with automatic collection of personal data.
- Leverage techniques to minimize risk when extracting personal data from publicly available sources.
- Practice appropriate data retention and destruction techniques.
- Demonstrate how to minimize privacy risk during personal data use.
- Practice appropriate data minimization techniques (e.g., abstract personal data for a specific use case).
- Implement data processing segregation.
- Use data analysis and other procedures to minimize privacy risk associated with the aggregation of personal data.
- Employ appropriate privacy-enhancing techniques (e.g., anonymization, pseudonymization, differential privacy) to reduce risk exposure.
- Use technical approaches that minimize the risks associated with secondary uses of personal data (e.g., profiling).
- Demonstrate how to minimize privacy risk during personal data dissemination.
- Use technical approaches that minimize risks associated with disclosure and accessibility.
- Leverage approaches and techniques that minimize the threat of:
- a. Data distortion.
- b. Data exposure.
- c. Breach of confidentiality (personal data breaches).
- d. Blackmail.
- e. Appropriation.
- Implement other defense in-depth techniques (e.g., identity and access management, authentication mechanisms) to protect personal data from risk exposure.
- Demonstrate how to minimize the threat of intrusion and decisional interference.
- Implement technical approaches that minimize the risks of various types of interference (e.g., behavioral advertising, behavioral profiling, cyberbullying, social engineering).
- Avoid the use of dark patterns that limit privacy-preserving response options, and recognize which design patterns to emulate.
- Identify privacy risks related to software security.
- Implement measures to detect and fix software privacy vulnerabilities.
- Leverage intrusion detection and prevention tools and techniques.
- Implement measures to reduce privacy risks during change management (e.g., patches, upgrades).
- Recognize possible privacy violations by service providers.
- Understand the privacy risks and impact of techniques that enable tracking and surveillance.
- Understand the privacy risks and impact associated with e-commerce (e.g., behavioral advertising, cookies, chatbots, payments, behavioral profiling).
- Demonstrate knowledge of the privacy risks and impact of audio and video surveillance, including those involved in wearables and IoT technologies (e.g., smart home devices and IoT technology for smart cities).
- Understand privacy issues around biometrics (e.g., facial recognition, speech recognition, fingerprint identification, DNA).
- Demonstrate knowledge of the privacy risks and impacts of location tracking.
- Demonstrate knowledge of the privacy risks and impacts of internet monitoring
- Understand the privacy risks and impact involved when using workplace technologies.
- Identify and minimize privacy risks involved when using artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning.
- Identify and minimize privacy risk involved in the use of communications technologies (e.g., video calls and conferencing, messaging, mobile devices, social media, gaming platforms).
- Demonstrate how to monitor and manage privacy risk
- Conduct privacy audits and IT control reviews.
- Develop, compile, report, and monitor privacy Key Risk In dicators and Key Performance Indicators.
- Complete privacy and data protection impact exams.
- Implement privacy by design principles.
- Understand and apply the seven privacy by design principles.
- Define and communicate privacy goals and objectives to guide privacy by design within an organization.
- Interpret high-level specifications and align them via low-level specifications with the privacy by design principles.
- Evaluate privacy risks in user experiences.
- Understand and apply UX concepts, including how UX decisions impact user behavior.
- Perform usability testing where relevant to assess effectiveness of privacy-related functions.
- Understand and apply value sensitive design.
- Understand and implement privacy engineering objectives.
- Apply the NIST Privacy Engineering Objectives: predictability, manageability and dissociability.
- Understand enterprise architecture, use of data flow diagrams/data lineage tools, including cross-border transfer considerations.
- Manage privacy risks in the development life cycle.
- Manage and monitor privacy-related functions and controls.
- Catalog data assets, develop a data inventory and implement a record of processing activities.
- Conduct code reviews to identify potential privacy gaps that require attention.
- Conduct runtime behavior monitoring.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug
