Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : IBCLC
Exam Name : International Board Certified Lactation Consultant
Vendor Name : Consultant
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IBCLC exam Format | IBCLC Course Contents | IBCLC Course Outline | IBCLC exam Syllabus | IBCLC exam Objectives


International Board of Lactation Consultant Examiners (IBCLE)
International Board Certified Lactation Consultant® (IBCLC®)
Detailed Content Outline

A. Infant
1. Feeding behaviours at different ages
2. Food intolerances/allergies
3. Infant anatomy and anatomical/oral challenges
4. Introducing complementary foods
5. Low birth weight
6. Milk banking – formal and informal
7. Normal infant behaviours
8. Nutritional requirements - preterm
9. Preterm development and growth
10. Skin tone, muscle tone, reflexes
11. Term development and growth
12. WHO growth charts with gestational age adjustment
B. Maternal
1. Breast development and growth
2. Breast surgery
3. Composition of human milk
4. Maternal anatomical challenges
5. Maternal nutritional status
6. Nipple structure and variations
II. Physiology and Endocrinology 24
1. Diabetes
2. Infertility Issues
3. Maternal metabolic and hormonal disorders (e.g., thyroid, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome)
4. Maternal autoimmune disorders
5. Multiples
6. Newborn hypoglycemia
7. Pregnancy and breastfeeding – tandem
8. Relactation
9. Stooling and voiding
III. Pathology 31
A. Infant
1. Allergies
2. Ankyloglossia
3. Cleft lip and palate
4. Congenital anomalies (e.g., gastrointestinal, cardiac)
5. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), reflux
6. Hyperbilirubinemia
7. Infant acute disease (bacterial, viral, fungal, systemic)
8. Infant neurological disabilities
9. Small for Gestational Age (SGA), Large for Gestational Age (LGA)
B. Maternal
1. Abscess
2. Milk ejection reflex dysfunction
3. Maternal acute disease (bacterial, viral, fungal, systemic)
4. Maternal chronic disease
5. Maternal disability (physical and neurological)
6. Mastitis
7. Milk supply, low or over
8. Nipple and breast conditions
9. Nipple pain and trauma
10. Post-partum hemorrhage
11. Pre-eclampsia / pregnancy induced hypertension
IV. Pharmacology and Toxicology 13
1. Alcohol and tobacco
2. Contraception
3. Drugs of abuse
4. Galactogogues
5. Gel dressings/nipple creams
6. Medication (prescription, over-the-counter, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures)
7. Medicinal Herbs
V. Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology
1. Transition to parenthood
2. Birth practices
3. Foods to eat/avoid that affect lactation
4. Employment – returning to work
5. Family lifestyle
6. Identifying support networks
7. Maternal mental health
8. Maternal psychological/cognitive issues
9. Mother-baby relationship
10. Safe sleep
11. Weaning
12. Cultural competency
VI. Techniques 25
1. Effective milk transfer (including medically-indicated supplementation)
2. First hour
3. Latching
4. Managing supply
5. Milk expression
6. Positioning
7. Refusal of breast, bottle
8. Skin-to-skin (Kangaroo care)
9. Test-weighing
VII. Clinical Skills 35
A. Equipment and Technology
1. Feeding devices (e.g., tubes at breast, cups, syringes, teats)
2. Handling and storage of human milk
3. Nipple devices (e.g., shields, everters)
4. Pacifiers
5. Pumps
6. Scales
7. Communication technology
8. Websites
B. Education and Communication
1. Active listening
2. Anticipatory guidance
3. Care plan development and sharing
4. Documentation
5. Educating mothers and families
6. Educating professionals, peers, and student
7. Extending the duration of breastfeeding
8. Emotional support
9. Empowerment
10. Group support
C. Ethical and Legal Issues
1. Breastfeeding in public
2. Clinical competencies
3. Code of Professional Conduct (CPC)
4. Principles of confidentiality
5. WHO code –advocacy and policy
D. Research
1. Apply research in practice
2. Appraise and interpret research results
3. Use research to help develop policies and protocols
E. Public Health and Advocacy
1. Advocate for Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI)
2. Advocate for compliance with World Health Organization International Code of Marketing of Breast milk Substitutes (WHO Code)
3. Advocate for mother / baby in healthcare system
4. Develop breastfeeding-related policies



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug