Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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IIA IIA-CIA-Part2 : Certified Internal Auditor - Part 2, Conducting the Internal Audit Engagement ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS

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Exam Number : IIA-CIA-Part2
Exam Name : Certified Internal Auditor - Part 2, Conducting the Internal Audit Engagement
Vendor Name : IIA
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IIA-CIA-Part2 test Format | IIA-CIA-Part2 Course Contents | IIA-CIA-Part2 Course Outline | IIA-CIA-Part2 test Syllabus | IIA-CIA-Part2 test Objectives

Test Detail:
The IIA-CIA-Part2 exam, also known as Certified Internal Auditor - Part 2: Conducting the Internal Audit Engagement, is a certification test offered by the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). It is designed to assess the knowledge and skills of internal auditors in planning, executing, and reporting on internal audit engagements. The test evaluates candidates' understanding of the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing and their ability to apply internal audit principles in real-world scenarios.

Course Outline:
The IIA-CIA-Part2 course provides comprehensive training on conducting internal audit engagements. It covers various syllabus related to the planning, execution, and reporting phases of an internal audit engagement. While the specific course content may vary, the following is a general outline of the key syllabus covered:

1. Governance and Risk Management:
- Understanding the role of internal audit in governance and risk management.
- Assessing the effectiveness of internal controls.
- Identifying and evaluating risks in the organization.
- Developing an internal audit plan based on risk exam.

2. Conducting the Engagement:
- Gathering and analyzing relevant information for the audit engagement.
- Planning the audit approach and scope.
- Executing the audit procedures and testing controls.
- Documenting audit findings and workpapers.

3. Communication and Reporting:
- Preparing clear and concise audit reports.
- Communicating audit findings to management and stakeholders.
- Following up on audit recommendations and actions.
- Demonstrating professionalism and ethical behavior in reporting.

4. Fraud Risks and Controls:
- Understanding fraud risks and the role of internal audit in fraud prevention and detection.
- Evaluating fraud risks and implementing appropriate controls.
- Conducting investigations and reporting on fraud incidents.

5. Internal Audit Engagement Tools and Techniques:
- Utilizing data analytics and technology in internal audit engagements.
- Applying sampling techniques and statistical analysis.
- Using software and tools for audit documentation and workflow management.

Exam Objectives:
The IIA-CIA-Part2 test evaluates candidates' knowledge and skills in conducting internal audit engagements. The test objectives include, but are not limited to:

1. Internal Audit Engagement Planning:
- Developing an engagement plan based on risk exam.
- Identifying audit objectives, scope, and resource requirements.
- Applying the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing.

2. Execution of the Engagement:
- Performing audit procedures and testing controls.
- Evaluating the effectiveness of internal controls.
- Gathering and analyzing relevant information for the audit.

3. Communication and Reporting:
- Preparing audit reports and communicating findings.
- Documenting workpapers and audit evidence.
- Following up on audit recommendations and actions.

4. Fraud Risks and Controls:
- Understanding fraud risks and implementing appropriate controls.
- Conducting investigations and reporting on fraud incidents.
- Applying ethical principles and professional conduct.

Syllabus:
The IIA-CIA-Part2 course syllabus provides a detailed breakdown of the syllabus covered in the training program. It includes specific learning objectives, case studies, and practical exercises. The syllabus may cover the following areas:

- Governance and Risk Management
- Conducting the Engagement
- Communication and Reporting
- Fraud Risks and Controls
- Internal Audit Engagement Tools and Techniques


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IIA 2, education

 

Certified internal auditor certification for internal auditors

The Certified Internal Auditor® (CIA®) designation is the only globally accepted certification for internal auditors and remains the standard by which individuals demonstrate their competency and professionalism in the internal auditing field. Candidates leave the program enriched with educational experience, information, and business tools that can be applied immediately in any organization or business environment. The CIA test is available through computer-based testing, allowing you to test year-round at more than 500 locations worldwide.

The Certified Internal Auditor® (CIA®) test tests a candidate's knowledge of current internal auditing practices and understanding of internal audit issues, risks and remedies. The test is offered in four parts, each part consisting of 100 multiple-choice questions.

Parts 1, 2, and 3 are considered the core global syllabus of the CIA test - offering a strong focus on corporate governance and risk issues and exhibiting alignment with The IIA's Professional Practices Framework. Part IV of the CIA test is designed for modification for regional and audit specialization testing. Hence, The IIA offers Professional Recognition Credit for Part 4 (PRC-4) for qualified professional certifications.

Established in 1941, The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) is an international professional association with global headquarters in Altamonte Springs, Fla., USA. The IIA is the internal audit profession's global voice, recognized authority, acknowledged leader, chief advocate, and principal educator. Members work in internal auditing, risk management, governance, internal control, information technology audit, education, and security.

The Institute of Internal Auditors Global Inc is represented in Sri Lanka by IIA Sri Lanka. IIA Sri Lanka will be having their 2nd National Internal Audit Conference on the 11th of November. Many foreign speakers are expected to be a part of this event. For further information contact: ashanejay@gmail.com


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    Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

    Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

    Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

    Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

    Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

    Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

    Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

    Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

    Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

    Höhere Gewalt

    Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

    Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

    Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

    Technisches Versagen

    Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

    Kriminelle Ursachen

    Hackerangriffe

    Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

    Physischer Angriff

    Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

    Erpressung

    Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

    Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

    Cyber-Kosten:

    • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
    • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
    • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
    • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

    Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

    • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
    • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
    • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
    • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
    • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
    • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
    • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

    Cyber-Eigenschäden:

    • Betriebsunterbrechung
    • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
    • Mehrkosten
    • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
    • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
    • Cyber-Erpressung
    • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
    • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
    • Cyber-Betrug