Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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ASTQB ISTQB-Advanced-Level-2 : ISTQB Advanced LevelTest Analyst exam Exam Dumps

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Exam Number : ISTQB-Advanced-Level-2
Exam Name : ISTQB Advanced LevelTest Analyst Exam
Vendor Name : ASTQB
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ISTQB-Advanced-Level-2 exam Format | ISTQB-Advanced-Level-2 Course Contents | ISTQB-Advanced-Level-2 Course Outline | ISTQB-Advanced-Level-2 exam Syllabus | ISTQB-Advanced-Level-2 exam Objectives

An Advanced Level Technical Test Analyst can:

- recognize and classify the typical risks associated with the performance, security, reliability, portability and maintainability of software systems;

- provide technical elements to the planning, design and execution of tests for mitigating performance, security, reliability, portability and maintainability risks;

- select and apply appropriate white-box test techniques to ensure that tests provide an adequate level of confidence, based on design coverage;

- effectively participate in reviews with developers and software architects applying knowledge of typical defects in the code and architecture;

- Excellerate the quality characteristics of code and architecture by making use of different analysis techniques;

- outline the costs and benefits to be expected from introducing particular types of test automation.

- select appropriate tools to automate technical testing tasks;

- understand the technical issues and concepts in applying test automation.

Learning Objectives

- Summarize the generic risk factors that the Technical Test Analyst typically needs to consider.

- Summarize the activities of the Technical Test Analyst within a risk-based approach for testing activities.

- Write test cases from a given specification item by applying the Statement testing test technique to achieve a defined level of coverage.

- Write test cases from a given specification item by applying the Modified Condition/Decision Coverage (MC/DC) test technique to achieve coverage.

- Write test cases from a given specification item by applying the Multiple Condition testing test technique to achieve a defined level of coverage.

- Write test cases from a given specification item by applying McCabe's Simplified Baseline Method.

- Understand the applicability of API testing and the kinds of defects it finds.

- Select an appropriate white-box test technique according to a given project situation.

- Use control flow analysis to detect if code has any control flow anomalies.

- Explain how data flow analysis is used to detect if code has any data flow anomalies.

- Propose ways to Excellerate the maintainability of code by applying static analysis.

- Explain the use of call graphs for establishing integration testing strategies.

- Apply dynamic analysis to achieve a specified goal.

- For a particular project and system under test, analyze the non-functional requirements and write the respective sections of the test plan.

- Given a particular product risk, define the particular non-functional test type(s) which are most appropriate.

- Understand and explain the stages in an applications lifecycle where non-functional tests should be applied.

- For a given scenario, define the types of defects you would expect to find by using non-functional testing types.

- Explain the reasons for including security testing in a test strategy and/or test approach.

- Explain the principal aspects to be considered in planning and specifying security tests.

- Explain the reasons for including reliability testing in a test strategy and/or test approach.

- Explain the principal aspects to be considered in planning and specifying reliability tests.

- Explain the reasons for including performance testing in a test strategy and/or test approach.

- Explain the principal aspects to be considered in planning and specifying performance efficiency tests.

- Explain the reasons for including maintainability testing in a testing strategy and/or test approach.

- Explain the reasons for including portability tests in a testing strategy and/or test approach.

- Explain the reasons for compatibility testing in a testing strategy and/or test approach.

- Explain why review preparation is important for the Technical Test Analyst.

- Analyze an architectural design and identify problems according to a checklist provided in the syllabus.

- Analyze a section of code or pseudo-code and identify problems according to a checklist provided in the syllabus.

- Summarize the activities that the Technical Test Analyst performs when setting up a test automation project.

- Summarize the differences between data-driven and keyword-driven automation.

- Summarize common technical issues that cause automation projects to fail to achieve the planned return on investment.

- Construct keywords based on a given business process.

- Summarize the purpose of tools for fault seeding and fault injection.

- Summarize the main characteristics and implementation issues for performance testing tools.

- Explain the general purpose of tools used for web-based testing.

- Explain how tools support the practice of model-based testing.

- Outline the purpose of tools used to support component testing and the build process.

- Outline the purpose of tools used to support mobile application testing.

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MP Police Constable Syllabus 2023: PDF Download, exam Pattern, Important Topics

MP Police Constable Syllabus 2023: The Madhya Pradesh Professional exam Board conducts the MP Police Constable recruitment in two stages written exam and a physical endurance test for the constable post. get and check MP Police Constable Syllabus for the written exam and more.

MP Police Constable Syllabus 2023: The Madhya Pradesh Professional exam Board (MPPEB) conducts MP (Madhya Pradesh) Police Constable recruitment in two stages written exam and a physical endurance test for the constable post. Candidates preparing for this upcoming exam should check the latest MP Police Constable syllabus and exam pattern to cover all the aspects of the exam.

It will also help them understand the topics, exam format, question paper structure, etc. and maximise their chances of scoring high marks. Going by the previous exam analysis, the questions asked in MP Police Constable written exam have been reported to be moderate to difficult. Hence, one can expect questions to be moderately difficult in the upcoming exam.

In this article, they have shared the MP Police Constable syllabus pdf for the written exam along with the exam pattern, preparation tips, and best books in detail.

MP Police Constable Syllabus 2023

We have shared below the exam overview for all aspirants appearing in the upcoming MP Police Constable recruitment process.

Check MP Police Constable Notification

Conducting Body

Madhya Pradesh Professional exam Board (MPPEB)

Post Name

Constable

Type of Question

MCQ

MP Police Constable syllabus topics

General Knowledge and Reasoning

Intellectual Ability and Mental Ability

Science and Simple Arithmetic

Negative Marking

Selection Process

Written exam and Physical Endurance Test

Exam Duration

2 hour

Number of Questions

100

Maximum Marks

100

MP Police Constable Syllabus 2023 Section-Wise

Candidates preparing for the MP Police Constable 2023 exam can check the MP Police Constable syllabus for the written test below. The MP Police Constable Syllabus is divided into various sections such as General knowledge, reasoning, general science, simple arithmetic maths etc. They have also compiled all the subject-wise subjects for the written exam below:

Subject

MP Police Constable Syllabus 2023

General Knowledge and Reasoning

1. General Knowledge

New inventions

Important Dates

Artists

Music & Literature

National Dance

Geography of India

Scientific observations

National News (current)

Famous Places

Sculptures

About India and its neighbouring countries

Famous Places in India

Tourism spots of Historical Importance

Countries and capitals

Economic issues in India

Books And Author

Science and innovations

World organizations

International issues

Political Science

Tribes

Handicrafts

Musical Instruments etc

Indian Culture

2. Reasoning

Arithmetical Reasoning

Classification

Cubes and Dice

Blood Relations

Analogy

Distance and Direction

Series Completion

Venn Diagrams

Alpha-Numeric Sequence Puzzle

Puzzle Test

Word Sequence

Missing Number and Alphabets

Data Sufficiency

Coding-Decoding

Intellectual Ability and Mental Ability

Series

Mirror Images

Analytical Reasoning

Spotting embedded figures

Figure Matrix

Dot Situation

Water Images

Construction of Squares and Triangles

Paper Cutting and Folding

Completion Incomplete Pattern

Forming figures and analysis

Identical figure groupings

General Science and Simple Arithmetic Maths

1. Physics

Work, Energy, and Power

Force and Laws of Motions

Electromagnetic Waves

Heat

Optics

Gravitation

Physical World & Measurement

Atoms & Nuclei

Currents

Heat & Thermodynamics

Electrostatics

2. Chemistry

Structure of Atom

Periodic Classification of Elements

Acids, Bases and Salts

Metal and Non-Metals

States of Matter

3. Biology

Plants

Animals

Skeleton System

Nervous System

Digestive System

Vitamins and Minerals

4. Simple Arithmetic

Problems on Numbers

Simplification and Approximation

Simple Equations

Quadratic Equations

LCM and HCF

Surds and Indices

Percentage

Speed Time and Distance

Time and Work

Ratio and Proportion

Boats and Stream

Interest

Averages

Partnership

Mensuration

Problem on Ages

MP Police Constable exam Pattern 2023

Candidates must be familiar with the MP Police constable exam pattern to understand the exam format, question nature, number of sections, and marking scheme followed by the commission. The written exam comprises 100 objective-type questions for 100 marks. There is no negative marking for the incorrect answer.

MP Police Constable exam Pattern 2023

Subjects

Total Questions

Total Marks

General Knowledge and Reasoning

Intellectual Ability and Mental Ability

General Science and Simple Arithmetic Maths

Total

100

MP Police Constable Physical Endurance Test

All eligible aspirants must attempt the Physical Endurance Test to ace the MP Police Constable Recruitment 2023. The MP Police Constable PET 2023 is divided into three activities.

Height

Chest Expansion (Only for Male candidates)

Eye Sight

MP Police Constable Height Measurement

Only For Special Armed Forces (as per Rules 21 & 22 of the Special Armed Forces Rules 1973)

S.No.

IPPB Executive Syllabus 2023: PDF Download, Subject Wise Topics, exam Pattern

IPPB Executive Syllabus 2023: The India Post Payments Bank Limited (IPPB) has invited applications for the recruitment of Executive posts on a contractual basis. IPPB Executive Syllabus PDF get and exam Pattern here.

IPPB Executive Syllabus 2023: The India Post Payments Bank Limited (IPPB) releases an official IPPB Executive notification every year to recruit eligible aspirants for Executive on a contractual basis. The candidates are selected for IPPB Executive posts based on their performance in an online exam, group discussion, and interview round. All interested and eligible candidates should check the latest IPPB Executive syllabus and exam pattern and plan their strategy accordingly.

Along with the IPPB Executive syllabus, candidates must also check the IPPB Executive exam pattern to get familiar with the exam format, number of questions, maximum marks, and marking scheme prescribed by the officials. As per the previous year's exam analysis, it is found that the questions asked in the IPPB Executive exam were easy to moderate level. So, aspirants should check the official IPPB Executive exam syllabus for effective preparation.

In this blog, they have shared a detailed IPPB Executive syllabus PDF, including the IPPB Executive exam pattern, preparation strategy, and a list of the best books here.

IPPB Executive Syllabus 2023

Here is the major overview of the IPPB Executive syllabus and exam pattern shared below for the reference of aspirants.

IPPB Executive Syllabus 2023

Exam Conducting Body

India Post Payments Bank Limited (IPPB)

Post Name

Executive

Vacancies

132

Category

IPPB Executive Syllabus and exam Pattern

Selection Process

Online Exam, Group Discussion, and Interview

Maximum Marks

200

Duration

2 hours

Negative Marking

1/4th mark for every incorrect answer

IPPB Executive Syllabus 2023 PDF

Aspirants must get the IPPB syllabus PDF for Executive from the link shared below to understand the subjects covered in each section of the syllabus. Get the direct link to get the IPPB Executive exam Syllabus below:

IPPB Executive Syllabus 2023

The IPPB Executive syllabus is divided into five subjects, i.e., Reasoning, Quantitative aptitude, English, General Awareness, and Computer Knowledge. Check the subject-wise IPPB Executive syllabus PDF for the written exam discussed below.

IPPB Executive exam Syllabus 2023

Subject

Important Topics

Quantitative Aptitude

Average

Simplification/ Approximation

LCM and HCF

Percentage

Permutation and Combination

Probability

Number Systems

Profit and Loss

Ratio and Proportion

Simple Interest and Compound Interest

Time and Work

Speed, Time, and Distance

Partnership

Mixtures and Alligations

Data Interpretation

Pipes and Cistern

Mensuration

Surds and Indices, etc

IPPB Reasoning Ability Syllabus

Odd One Out

Alphanumeric Series

Puzzles

Directions & Distance

Venn Diagram

Alphabet Test

Ranking and Order

Syllogism

Coding-Decoding

Seating Arrangement

Blood Relations

Input-Output, etc

English Language

Reading Comprehension

Fill in the blanks

Cloze Test

Para jumbles

Tenses Rules

Vocabulary

Fillers

Sentence Rearrangement

Phrase Replacement, etc

General Awareness

Banking and Financial Awareness

Culture

Current Affairs

Static General Knowledge

Science

Important Schemes

Books and Authors

Sports

Awards and Honors

General Polity etc

Computer Knowledge

Basic Knowledge of the Internet

History of computers

Networking

Short cut keys

Computer Abbreviations

MS Office

Software and Hardware Fundamentals

Input & Output Devices

Database, etc

Weightage of IPPB Executive Syllabus 2023

The IPPB Executive exam pattern comprises five objective-type sections for 200 marks and will be conducted online. The exam duration is 2 hours, and there will be a negative marking of 1/4th mark for every incorrect answer in the exam. Check the exam pattern for IPPB Executive recruitment shared below.

IPPB Executive Syllabus 2023 exam Pattern

Subject

Number of Questions

Maximum Marks

Duration

Reasoning

2 hours

English

Quantitative Aptitude

Computer Knowledge

General Awareness

Total

200

How to Cover IPPB Executive Syllabus 2023?

Acing the IBBP executive online exam is no cakewalk. However right strategy can maximize the chances of qualifying for the exam. A huge number of candidates appear for this online exam every year, which in turn increases the competition against limited vacancies. So, candidates should check the Executive IPPB syllabus carefully and jot down important topics. Here are the best tips and tricks to ace the IBBP executive online exam with flying colors.

Analyse the IPPB Executive syllabus and exam pattern carefully and prepare a list of subjects as per their marks' weightage.

Choose the best IPPB Executive books and online resources to gain conceptual clarity in order to solve a wide range of subjects with ease.

Attempt mock papers and IPPB Executive's previous year's question papers to boost question-solving speed and focus on all the points that require attention.

Revise all the topics/chapters covered so far, formulas, short-cut techniques, etc. regularly.

Best Books for IPPB Executive Syllabus 2023

Candidates should finalize the best IPPB executive books for every subject based on the exact edition, pattern, and curriculum. The right books and materials can help them to prepare for the latest subject-wise IPPB syllabus executive. The list of best IPPB Executive exam books for all the sections is tabulated below:

IPPB Executive Books 2023

Subject

Book Names

General Awareness

Lucent’s General Knowledge

English

Objective General English by SP Bakshi

Numerical Ability

Quantitative Aptitude for Competitive exam by RS Aggarwal

Reasoning

A Modern Approach to Verbal and Non Verbal Reasoning by RS Aggarwal

Computer Knowledge

Objective Computer Awareness by Arihant Experts

FAQ How to prepare for IPPB Executive Syllabus?

To prepare well for the IPPB Executive online exam, one must thoroughly check the IPPB Executive syllabus, gain conceptual knowledge, and attempt mock papers and previous papers to obtain desired results.

What is the IPPB Executive 2023 exam Pattern?

As per the IPPB Executive exam pattern, the online written exam is divided into five sections. The written exam comprises 200 questions for 200 marks. The exam duration is 2 hours.

Is there any negative marking in IPPB Executive 2023 Exam?

Yes. There will be a negative marking of 1/4th or 0.25 marks for every incorrect response in the IPPB Executive 2023 exam.

What is IPPB Executive Syllabus 2023?

The IPPB Executive syllabus is divided into five subjects, i.e., Reasoning, Quantitative aptitude, English, General Awareness, and Computer Knowledge.

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
Mehrkosten
Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
Cyber-Erpressung
Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
Ersatz-IT-Hardware
Cyber-Betrug

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Cyber-Kosten:

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Latest 2023 Updated ASTQB ISTQB Advanced LevelTest Analyst exam Syllabus
ISTQB-Advanced-Level-2 study guide / Braindumps contains genuine exam Questions

Practice Tests and Free VCE Software - Questions Updated on Daily Basis
Big Discount / Cheapest price & 100% Pass Guarantee