Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : ITEC-Massage
Exam Name : International Therapy test Council - Massage Exam
Vendor Name : ITEC
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ITEC-Massage test Format | ITEC-Massage Course Contents | ITEC-Massage Course Outline | ITEC-Massage test Syllabus | ITEC-Massage test Objectives


Exam Format: Multiple-choice questions (MCQ) or written exam.
Duration: 1-2 hours (depending on the format).
Content: Covers anatomy, physiology, pathology, principles of massage, and professional practice.
Pass Mark: Typically 70% or higher.

Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology (25-30%)
Principles and Practice of Massage (40-45%)
Professional Practice and Business Awareness (15-20%)
Client Care and Communication (10-15%)

- Skeletal system
- bones
- joints
- cartilage
- Muscular system
- muscles
- tendons
- ligaments
- Integumentary system
- skin
- hair
- nails
- Cardiovascular system
- heart
- blood vessels
- circulation

- Lymphatic system
- lymph nodes
- vessels
- immune function
- Respiratory system
- lungs
- trachea
- breathing mechanics
- Nervous system
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves

- Endocrine system
- glands
- hormones
- Digestive system
- stomach
- intestines
- associated organs
- Urinary system
- kidneys
- bladder
- excretion
- Reproductive system (male and female reproductive organs)

- Homeostasis (balance within the body)
- Cellular function and metabolism
- Muscle contraction and relaxation
- Blood circulation and oxygen transport
- Lymphatic drainage and immune response
- Nerve impulse transmission

- Common conditions affecting each body system
- arthritis
- hypertension
- asthma
- Contraindications to massage
- infections
- inflammation
- exact injuries
- How pathologies may influence massage treatment

- Anatomical terms
- anterior
- posterior
- proximal
- distal
- Medical prefixes and suffixes
hypo-
hyper-
-itis
-osis
- Common pathologies
- osteoporosis
- tendinitis
- varicose veins

- Massage Techniques:
- Effleurage (gliding strokes)
- Petrissage (kneading and lifting)
- Tapotement (percussive movements)
- Friction (deep, circular movements)
- Vibration (shaking or trembling movements)

- Treatment Planning:
- Consultation and client exam
- Identifying client needs and goals
- Adapting techniques for different body types and conditions

- Professional Practice:
- Code of ethics and professional conduct
- Hygiene and sanitation
- cleaning equipment
- handwashing
- Setting up a treatment room
- lighting
- temperature
- ambiance
- Client confidentiality and data protection

- Swedish massage techniques
- effleurage
- petrissage
- Trigger points and myofascial release
- Draping (covering the client for modesty and warmth)
- Contraindications (conditions that restrict or prevent massage)

- Business Skills:
- Marketing and promoting your services
- Record-keeping and client documentation
- Pricing and payment methods
- Insurance and legal requirements

- Professional Development:
- Continuing education and training
- Networking with other healthcare professionals
- Staying updated with industry trends and research

- SOAP notes (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan)
- Liability insurance
- Code of ethics
- Conducting a client consultation
- Demonstrating proper draping techniques
- Performing a full-body massage using appropriate techniques
- Adapting the massage for specific client needs
- Maintaining a clean and safe working environment

- Body mechanics (proper posture and movement during massage)
- Palpation (feeling for muscle tension or abnormalities)
- Client aftercare advice
- hydration
- rest
- Hydration and nutrition
- Stretching and exercise recommendations
- Relaxation techniques
- deep breathing
- mindfulness
- Recognizing when to refer clients to other healthcare professionals

- Detoxification (removal of toxins from the body)
- Self-care practices
- Referral protocols
- Infection control
- handwashing
- sanitizing equipment
- Risk test and hazard prevention
- First aid and emergency procedures
- Compliance with health and safety regulations

- Cross-contamination
- Personal protective equipment (PPE)
- Risk exam



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug