Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : ITEC-Massage
Exam Name : International Therapy test Council - Massage Exam
Vendor Name : ITEC
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ITEC-Massage test Format | ITEC-Massage Course Contents | ITEC-Massage Course Outline | ITEC-Massage test Syllabus | ITEC-Massage test Objectives


ITEC is an international examination board that offers a range of qualifications globally. The Council has forged very strong links with employers across the World that comprehend and appreciate the level of knowledge and expertise that is achieved by an ITEC qualified therapist. ITEC qualified therapists are recognised in 33 countries including Ireland, United Kingdom, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.



ITEC provides in excess of 35 qualifications that are approved by the government of the United Kingdom.

These qualifications are accredited by the Office of the Qualifications and test Regulator (OFQUAL) on behalf of the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills (DIUS), and are registered on the National Qualifications Framework in the UK.

The ITEC qualifications receive funding from the Learning and Skills Council.

ITEC qualifications are readily transportable and are recognised within industry both nationally and internationally.

The syllabus for each ITEC qualification is closely aligned with the practical issues and roles of therapists in active practice. ITEC qualified therapists are ready to apply their acquired skills and knowledge immediately post-qualification.



Level 2

Certificate in Complementary and Alternative Therapies



Level 3

Diploma in Anatomy and Physiology

A theory only course covering all the anatomy and physiology of the body.

Diploma in Aromatherapy



Advanced aromatherapy techniques are included in the course including lymphatic drainage and acupressure points as well as the holistic approach. The properties of 41 essential oils are studied and the course teaches the uses of the oils to create the remarkable results they provide. Key to the course are the Case Studies undertaken by students.



Diploma in Diet & Nutrition for Complementary Therapists

The course covers the digestive system, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and nutrients. Included are: calories, RDAs, cholesterol, carbohydrates, proteins, vegetarian diets, food allergies and food poisoning. This is ideal for any complementary therapist who wishes to be able to give more guidance to their clients on healthy eating and the holistic approach.



Diploma in Holistic Massage

Diploma in Infant & Child Massage

Teach parents/guardians how to massage their infant/child for the purposes of relaxation.

Diploma in Lymphatic Drainage Massage

Lymphatic drainage is a specialised form of massage that works specifically on the lymphatic system. It is an extremely light form of massage that is very beneficial for the lymphatic system and clients with any form of swelling and fluid retention.

Diploma in On Site Massage

Diploma in Reflexology

Students are taken through the history and philosophy of this age-old therapy. The course covers the reflex zones and the related reflex areas as well as common disorders and ways in which to treat them.
Diploma in Reiki

Diploma in Stone Therapy Massage

The main aim of the ITEC Level 3 Diploma in Stone Therapy Massage is to enable candidates to provide treatments for the purposes of relaxation and stress release.

Diploma in Thai Massage

The ITEC Level 3 Diploma in Thai Massage enables candidates to provide treatments for the purposes of relaxation and stress release.

ITEC registers and inspects colleges that deliver ITEC programmes demanding exacting standards for training courses. ITEC provides an independent examination system that tests the underlying knowledge and skills of students. By adhering to these standards this provides successful students with confidence to work as a professional therapist.



ITEC qualifications can be acquired in over 750 colleges across the World in colleges that offer part-time, full-time, weekend and evening programmes ITEC graduates work as salon and clinic owners or as visiting therapists, in spas, clinics, salons and health farms, in the Health Service, at sports centres, clubs and leisure centres, and on cruise liners. Many graduates are self-employed.



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ITEC Therapy test contents

 

Post Professional Doctor of Physical Therapy Curriculum

Physical Therapy Curriculum Skip to Main Content Skip to Main Navigation Skip to Footer

Each student in the program will be required to complete 44 credit hours consisting of the following:

Curriculum and Courses:

Core Courses

23 credit hours in courses that cover content areas that were not typically addressed in physical therapy education programs prior to implementation of the DPT as the first professional degree. 

Specialty Clinical Practice Courses

These courses that make up 18 credit hours are the initial phase of the program that will emphasize courses in musculoskeletal physical therapy. As the program develops, additional specialty courses will be added.

Elective Courses

3 credit hours of courses designed to provide exposure to clinical specialty areas other than the area selected by the student. These courses will be utilized in the future as the foundation for additional clinical specializations. Initially, Alternative and Complementary Medicine in PT will be offered as an elective. 

Summary of courses Course Course Type Credit Hours Prerequisites Delivery Biostatistics and Research Methods  Core 3 None Online Evidence-Based Practice  Core 3 Biostatistics and Research Methods Online Clinical Pharmacology for Physical Therapists Core 3 None Online Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory Values for Physical Therapists Core 3 None Online Primary Care Skills – Primary Care and Physical test for Physical Therapists  Core 3 None On Campus Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Reasoning for Physical Therapists Core 3 None Online Research Project  Core 3 Biostatistics and Research Methods, Evidence-Based Practice Online Advanced Neurological Rehab Core 2 None On Campus Musculoskeletal I – Extremity Disorders and Sports Injuries  Specialty 5 None On Campus Musculoskeletal II – Spine and Pelvis Dysfunction Specialty 5 Musculoskeletal I – Extremity Disorders and Sports Injuries  On Campus Pelvic Floor Dysfunction and Incontinence Specialty 3 None On Campus Physical Therapy in Pediatric Orthopedics  Specialty 2 None Online Advanced Physical Therapy for Neuromuscular with Emphasis on Peripheral Vestibular Disorders, Cervicogenic Dizziness, and Cervicogenic Headache Specialty 3 None On Campus Alternative and Complementary Medicine in Physical Therapy  Elective 3 None On Campus Special courses on Advanced Clinical Practice Elective 3 None Online Course Descriptions

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug