Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Juniper JN0-351 : Enterprise Routing and Switching, Specialist (JNCIS-ENT) test Questions, MCQs and Practice Test

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Exam Number : JN0-351
Exam Name : Enterprise Routing and Switching, Specialist (JNCIS-ENT)
Vendor Name : Juniper
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Total MCQs : Check Questions

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JN0-351 test Format | JN0-351 Course Contents | JN0-351 Course Outline | JN0-351 test Syllabus | JN0-351 test Objectives


Layer 2 Switching or VLANs
- Identify the concepts, operations, or functionalities of Layer 2 switching for the Junos OS:
- Bridging components
- Frame processing
- Describe the concepts, benefits, or functionalities of VLANs:
- Ports
- Tagging
- Native VLANs and voice VLANs
- Inter-VLAN routing
- Demonstrate knowledge how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot Layer 2 switching or VLANs:
- Interfaces and ports
- VLANs
- Inter-VLAN routing
Spanning Tree
- Describe the concepts, benefits, operations, or functionalities of the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP):
- STP and Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) concepts
- Port roles and states
- Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs)
- Convergence and reconvergence
- Demonstrate knowledge how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot Spanning Tree:
- STP
- RSTP
Layer 2 Security
- Identify the concepts, benefits, or operations of various Layer 2 protection or security features:
- BPDU, loop or root protection
- Port security, including MAC limiting, DHCP snooping, Dynamic ARP inspection (DAI) or IP source guard
- MACsec
- Storm control
- Identify the concepts, benefits, or operations of Layer 2 firewall filters:
- Filter types
- Processing order
- Match criteria and actions
- Demonstrate knowledge how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot Layer 2 security:
- Protection
- Port security
- Storm control
- Firewall filter configuration and application
Protocol Independent Routing
- Identify the concepts, operations, or functionalities of various protocol-independent routing components:
- Static, aggregate, and generated routes
- Martian addresses
- Routing instances, including routing information base (RIB) groups
- Load balancing
- Filter-based forwarding
- Demonstrate knowledge how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot various protocol-independent routing components:
- Static, aggregate, and generated routes
- Load balancing
- Filter-based forwarding
OSPF
- Describe the concepts, operations, or functionalities of OSPF:
- Link-state database
- OSPF packet types
- Router ID
- Adjacencies and neighbors
- Designated router (DR) and backup designated router (BDR)
- OSPF area and router types
- Realms
- Link-state advertisement (LSA) packet types
- Demonstrate knowledge how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot OSPF:
- Areas, interfaces, and neighbors
- Additional basic options
- Routing policy application
- Troubleshooting tools (ping, traceroute, traceoptions, show commands, logging)
IS-IS
- Describe the concepts, operations, or functionalities of IS-IS:
- Link-state database
- IS-IS Protocol Data Units (PDUs)
- Type, length, and values (TLVs)
- Adjacencies and neighbors
- Levels and areas
- Designated intermediate system (DIS)
- Metrics
- Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot IS-IS:
- Levels, interfaces, and adjacencies
- Additional basic options
- Routing policy application
- Troubleshooting tools (ping, traceroute, traceoptions, show commands, logging)
BGP
- Describe the concepts, operations, or functionalities of BGP:
- BGP basic operation
- BGP message types
- Attributes
- Route/path selection process
- Internal and external BGP (IBGP and EBGP) functionality and interaction
- Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot BGP:
- Groups and peers
- Additional basic options
- Routing policy application
- Troubleshooting tools (ping, traceroute, traceoptions, show commands, logging)
Tunnels
- Identify the concepts, requirements, or functionalities of IP tunneling:
- Tunneling applications and considerations
- Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)
- IP-IP
- Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot IP tunnels:
- GRE
- IP-IP
- Troubleshooting tools (ping, traceroute, traceoptions, show commands, logging)
High Availability
- Identify the concepts, benefits, applications, or requirements for high availability in a Junos OS environment:
- Link aggregation groups (LAG)
- Redundant trunk groups (RTG)
- Virtual chassis
- Graceful restart
- Graceful Routing Engine switchover (GRES)
- Nonstop active routing (NSR)
- Nonstop bridging (NSB)
- Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)
- Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)
- Unified In-Service Software Upgrade (ISSU)
- Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot high availability components:
- LAG and RTG
- Virtual chassis
- Graceful restart, GRES, NSB, and NSR
- VRRP
- ISSU
- Troubleshooting tools (traceoptions, show commands, logging)



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug