Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : JN0-363
Exam Name : Service Provider Routing and Switching, Specialist (JNCIS-SP)
Vendor Name : Juniper
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JN0-363 exam Format | JN0-363 Course Contents | JN0-363 Course Outline | JN0-363 exam Syllabus | JN0-363 exam Objectives
Exam Name: Service Provider Routing and Switching, Specialist (JNCIS-SP)
Exam Level: Specialist
Exam Duration: 90 minutes
Number of Questions: 65 multiple-choice questions
Passing Score: Varies (typically around 60-70%)
Exam Language: English
Protocol-Independent Routing
- Identify the concepts, operation, or functionality of various protocol-independent routing components:
- Static, aggregate, and generated routes
- Martian addresses
- Routing instances, including routing information base (RIB) (also known as routing table) groups
- Load balancing
- Filter-based forwarding
- Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot various protocol-independent routing components:
- Static, aggregate, and generated routes
- Load balancing
- Filter-based forwarding
- OSPF
- Identify the concepts, operation, or functionality of OSPF:
- Link-state database
- OSPF packet types
- Router ID
- Adjacencies and neighbors
- Designated router and backup designated router
- OSPF area and router types
- Link-state advertisement (LSA) packet types
- Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot OSPF:
- Areas, interfaces, and neighbors
- Additional basic options
- Routing policy application
- Troubleshooting tools
- Identify the concepts, operation, or functionality of IS-IS:
- Link-state database
- IS-IS protocol data units (PDUs)
- Type, length, values (TLVs)
- Adjacencies and neighbors
- Levels and areas
- Designated intermediate system (DIS)
- Metrics
- Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot IS-IS:
- Levels, interfaces, and adjacencies
- Additional basic options
- Routing policy application
- Troubleshooting tools
- BGP
- Identify the concepts, operation, or functionality of BGP:
- BGP basic operation
- BGP message types
- Attributes
- Route/path selection process
- Internal and external BGP (IBGP and EBGP) functionality and interaction
- Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot BGP:
- Groups and peers
- Additional basic options
- Routing policy application
- Layer 2 Bridging or VLANs
- Identify the concepts, operation, or functionality of Layer 2 bridging for Junos OS:
- Service provider switching platforms
- Bridging elements and terminology
- Frame processing
- Virtual switches
- Provider bridging (Q-in-Q tunneling)
- Identify the concepts, benefits, or functionality of VLANs:
- Port modes
- Tagging
- Integrated Routing and Bridging (IRB)
- Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot Layer 2 bridging or VLANs:
- Interfaces and ports
- VLANs
- IRB
- Provider bridging
- Spanning-Tree Protocols
- Identify the concepts, benefits, operation, or functionality of Spanning Tree Protocol and its variants:
- Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP), and VLAN Spanning Tree Protocol (VSTP) concepts
- Port roles and states
- Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs)
- Convergence and reconvergence
- Spanning-tree security
- Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot STP and its variants:
- Spanning-tree protocols (STP, RSTP, MSTP, VSTP)
- BPDU, loop and root protection
- MPLS
- Identify the concepts, operation, or functionality of MPLS:
- MPLS terminology
- MPLS packet header
- End-to-end packet flow and forwarding
- Labels and the label information base
- MPLS and routing tables
- RSVP
- LDP
- Segment routing
- Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot MPLS:
- MPLS forwarding
- RSVP-signaled and LDP-signaled Label-Switched Paths (LSPs)
- IPv6
- Identify the concepts, operation, or functionality of IPv6:
- IPv4 versus IPv6
- Address types, notation, and format
- Address scopes
- Autoconfiguration
- Tunneling
- Interfaces
- Static routes
- Dynamic routing (OSPFv3, IS-IS, BGP)
- IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling
- Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot IPv6:
- Tunnels
- Identify the concepts, requirements, or functionality of IP tunneling:
- Tunneling applications and considerations
- Generic routing encapsulation (GRE)
- Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot IP tunnels
- GRE
- High Availability
- Identify the concepts, benefits, applications, or requirements of high availability:
- Link aggregation groups (LAGs) and multichassis LAGs (MCLAGs)
- Graceful restart
- graceful Routing Engine switchover (GRES)
- Nonstop bridging (NSB)
- Nonstop active routing (NSR)
- Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)
- Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)
- Unified in-service software upgrade (unified ISSU)
- Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot high availability components:
- LAG
- Graceful restart, GRES, NSB, and NSR
- Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug
