Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Juniper JN0-682 : Data Center, Professional (JNCIP-DC) ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS

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Exam Number : JN0-682
Exam Name : Data Center, Professional (JNCIP-DC)
Vendor Name : Juniper
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JN0-682 test Format | JN0-682 Course Contents | JN0-682 Course Outline | JN0-682 test Syllabus | JN0-682 test Objectives


Exam Specification:

- test Name: Data Center, Professional (JNCIP-DC)
- test Code: JN0-682
- test Duration: 120 minutes
- test Format: Multiple-choice and hands-on lab questions
- Passing Score: 65% (may vary)

Course Outline:

1. Data Center Deployment and Management
- Data center architecture and design principles
- Data center fabric and infrastructure components
- Data center deployment and management best practices
- Data center troubleshooting and maintenance

2. Layer 2 Data Center Technologies
- Ethernet switching in data centers
- Virtual LAN (VLAN) configuration and management
- Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)
- Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP)

3. Layer 3 Data Center Technologies
- IP addressing and subnetting
- Routing protocols (OSPF, BGP) in a data center environment
- Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)
- Inter-VLAN routing and Layer 3 forwarding

4. Data Center Overlay Technologies
- Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN) and Network Virtualization using Generic Routing Encapsulation (NVGRE)
- Overlay tunneling protocols (GRE, MPLS)
- Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV)

5. Data Center Security
- Data center security threats and mitigation techniques
- Access control and identity management in data centers
- Firewall and security policies
- Virtual private networks (VPNs) in data center environments

6. Data Center Storage and Virtualization
- Storage Area Networks (SANs) and Fibre Channel
- Network-Attached Storage (NAS)
- Data center virtualization technologies (VMware, KVM)

Exam Objectives:

1. Design, deploy, and manage data center architectures.
2. Configure and troubleshoot Layer 2 and Layer 3 data center technologies.
3. Implement and optimize data center overlay technologies.
4. Ensure data center security and implement access controls.
5. Understand storage and virtualization technologies in data centers.
6. Perform troubleshooting and maintenance tasks in data center environments.

Exam Syllabus:

The test syllabus covers the following syllabus (but is not limited to):

- Data center architecture and design
- Layer 2 switching and VLANs
- Spanning Tree Protocol and Link Aggregation
- Layer 3 routing protocols
- Data center overlay technologies
- Data center security
- Storage and virtualization in data centers
- Troubleshooting and maintenance in data center environments



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August 15, 2023

Research expenditure comparisons

Research expenditures of higher education institutions participating in the Higher Education Research and Development (HERD) survey are compared across institutions, by fund source, NSF disciplines, and subjects. UC’s percent share of expenditures is also shown by sector, fund source, and major federal fund sources.


Juniper Networks Announces Date and Webcast Information for Upcoming Investor Events

Juniper Networks Announces Date and Webcast Information for Upcoming Investor Events

Juniper Networks (NYSE: JNPR), a leader in secure, AI-driven networks, today announced the company will present at the following upcoming investor events:

  • Ken Miller, EVP and Chief Financial Officer, and Sujai Hajela, EVP, AI-Driven Enterprise at Juniper Networks, will present at the KeyBanc Technology Leadership Forum, 9:30 am MDT, Monday, August 7, 2023, in Vail, CO.
  • Rami Rahim, Chief Executive Officer at Juniper Networks, will present at the J.P. Morgan Hardware & Semis Access Forum, 10:30 – 11:20 am PT, Wednesday, August 16, 2023 in San Francisco, CA.
  • Kevin Hutchins, SVP, Strategy and Corporate Development at Juniper Networks, will host investor meetings at the Jefferies Semiconductor, IT Hardware & Communications Technology Summit, Tuesday, August 29, 2023 in Chicago, IL.
  • The KeyBanc and J.P. Morgan events will be available live via webcast on the Juniper Networks website: http://investor.juniper.net/.

    About Juniper Networks

    Juniper Networks is dedicated to dramatically simplifying network operations and driving superior experiences for end users. Their solutions deliver industry-leading insight, automation, security and AI to drive real business results. They believe that powering connections will bring us closer together while empowering us all to solve the world’s greatest challenges of well-being, sustainability and equality. Additional information can be found at Juniper Networks (www.juniper.net) or connect with Juniper on Twitter, LinkedIn and Facebook.

    Juniper Networks, the Juniper Networks logo, Juniper, and Junos, and other trademarks listed here are registered trademarks of Juniper Networks, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.

    Investor Relations: Jess Lubert Juniper Networks (408) 936-3734 jlubert@juniper.net

    Media Relations: Elliott Burr Juniper Networks (408) 936-7823 eburr@juniper.net

    View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230802479348/en/


    COVID-19 Information Center

    The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration wants to limit the trucking regulations that are suspended — and for how long — for truckers providing direct relief in emergency situations.

    The urgency of certain supplies during the COVID-19 pandemic has dropped to the point where regulatory exemptions for emergency loads have been allowed to expire.

    The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration is seeking comment on its emergency declaration that provides motor carriers some regulatory relief when assisting the nation’s COVID-19 emergency.

    One to several supposedly trucker-organized “convoys” are reportedly wending their way to the Washington, D.C. area. Trucking interest groups are not endorsing them. What's really driving these convoys?

    Get updates and insights on the top trucking news from January 2022 with HDT Editor in Chief Deborah Lockridge and Managing Editor Vesna Brajkovic on this episode of HDT Talks Trucking.

    What started out as a trucker protest of a cross-border COVID-19 vaccine mandate in Canada escalated into much more, prompting criticism from government officials and trucking groups.

    Three construction fleet managers and two industry vendors weigh in on overcoming operational challenges during a global pandemic.

    Neither Canada nor the U.S. will allow truck drivers from the other country to cross the border unless they are fully vaccinated against COVID-19.

    The Supreme Court on Jan. 13 halted enforcement of a controversial emergency rule that would have required business with more than 100 employees to require workers to have COVID-19 vaccines or else undergo weekly testing.

    The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has officially addressed the issue of whether truck drivers are subject to its controversial COVID-19 vaccine-or-test emergency rule.


     


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    Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

    Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

    Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

    Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

    Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

    Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

    Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

    Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

    Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

    Höhere Gewalt

    Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

    Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

    Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

    Technisches Versagen

    Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

    Kriminelle Ursachen

    Hackerangriffe

    Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

    Physischer Angriff

    Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

    Erpressung

    Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

    Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

    Cyber-Kosten:

    • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
    • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
    • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
    • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

    Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

    • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
    • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
    • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
    • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
    • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
    • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
    • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

    Cyber-Eigenschäden:

    • Betriebsunterbrechung
    • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
    • Mehrkosten
    • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
    • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
    • Cyber-Erpressung
    • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
    • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
    • Cyber-Betrug