Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : MB-340
Exam Name : Microsoft Dynamics 365 Commerce Functional Consultant
Vendor Name : Microsoft
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MB-340 test Format | MB-340 Course Contents | MB-340 Course Outline | MB-340 test Syllabus | MB-340 test Objectives
Exam Number: MB-340
Exam Name : Microsoft Dynamics 365 Commerce Functional Consultant
Exam TOPICS
Candidates for this test set up and use the application functionality in Dynamics 365 Commerce and provide support for the application.
Candidates have a strong understanding of unified commerce business operations. They may have experience configuring, deploying, and maintaining Dynamics 365 Commerce.
Configure Dynamics 365 Commerce Headquarters (20-25%)
Configure products, prices, discounts, loyalty, and affiliations (20-25%)
Manage Point of Sales (POS) in Dynamics 365 Commerce (15-20%)
Configure and manage Dynamics 365 Commerce call centers (10-15%)
Manage e-commerce (15-20%)
Configure Dynamics 365 Commerce Headquarters (25-30%)
Configure prerequisites and commerce parameters
create employee and customer address books
configure and manage retail workers
assign address books to customers, channels, and workers
create email templates and email notification profiles
configure organizational hierarchies and hierarchy purposes
configure Commerce shared parameters
configure company-specific Commerce parameters
Describe and configure additional functionality
create and configure channel and sales order attributes
configure commissions and sales representatives
configure payment methods and card types
configure and manage gift cards
describe Omni-channel capabilities including payments, orders, and returns
configure data distribution
create info codes, sub-codes, and info code groups
describe Dynamics 365 Fraud Protection purchase protection, loss prevention, and account protection
Manage statements
describe advantages of using trickle feed-based posting
validate retail transactions by using the transaction consistency checker
configure and manage retail statement calculations and posting
troubleshoot statement posting issues
Configure Distributed Order Management (DOM)
configure fulfillment profiles
configure cost components including shipping, handling, and packaging costs
configure management rules and parameters
monitor fulfillment plans and order exceptions
Configure order fulfillment
configure modes of delivery including shipments, pick up, and carry out
configure curbside customer order pickup
configure charge codes, charge groups, and automatic charges
configure and assign order fulfillment groups
Configure products, prices, discounts, loyalty, and affiliations (25-30%)
Configure products and merchandising
configure product category hierarchies
configure product attributes and attribute groups
configure assortments and product catalogs
manage product labels and shelf labels
describe uses cases for recommendation types including product, personalized, Shop
similar looks, and Shop similar descriptions recommendations
configure recommendations
configure warranty settings
configure inventory buffers and inventory levels
configure products and variants including configuring barcodes
Manage pricing
design and create price groups
configure pricing priorities
configure product pricing including smart rounding
configure catalog pricing
configure affiliation pricing
configure category pricing rules
Manage discounts and promotions
configure discount parameters
configure channel or customer-specific discounts
configure quantity, shipping, tender-based, and threshold-based discounts
configure discount concurrency rules
manage coupons
Manage customers, loyalty, and affiliations
configure client books
configure customer attributes
configure customer affiliations
configure loyalty programs, loyalty schemes, and reward points
manage loyalty tier calculations and processing
Manage Point of Sale (POS) in Dynamics 365 Commerce (15-20%)
Configure retail stores
create a retail store
configure POS registers and devices
configure retail profiles
configure sales tax overrides
configure Task Management lists and parameters
define cash management processes
define shifts and shift management processes
configure channel return policies
describe offline capabilities and limitations
Manage store inventory
configure availability calculations for products
manage inbound and outbound inventory operations
process customer pick-up and shipment orders
manage inventory processes including stock counts
look up product inventory
process serialized items
Perform POS operations
perform sales and order processes
perform end of day processes
reconcile store cash
monitor store productivity by using task management and reporting features
Configure and Manage Dynamics 365 Commerce call centers (10-15%)
Configure call centers
create a call center
configure and publish product catalogs
create product catalog scripts
configure fraud conditions, rules, and variables to trigger order holds
configure fraud alerts
Configure continuity orders and installment billing
set up continuity programs and parameters
configure continuity order batch jobs
manage continuity child orders
Manage call centers
create, modify, and process sales orders
process call center payments
manage order holds
create return merchandise authorizations (RMAs)
process returns, exchanges, and replacements
Manage e-commerce (15-20%)
Configure an e-commerce channel
create an online store
configure an e-commerce site
configure channel assignments for an e-commerce site
configure ratings and reviews
Manage e-commerce content
configure URLs and aliases
configure product detail pages and category pages
manage site themes, page fragments, templates, layouts, and pages
upload and manage digital assets including videos and images
set focal points and attribute values for media assets
configure publish groups
Operate an e-commerce channel
create e-commerce orders
synchronize e-commerce orders
moderate ratings and reviews
Configure business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce
describe differences between B2B and business-to-consumer (B2C) solutions
describe use cases for organizational modeling hierarchies
manage business partners and business partner users
configure product quantity limits
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug