Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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FSMTB MBLEX : Massage & Bodywork Licensing test Exam Dumps

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Latest 2023 Updated FSMTB Massage & Bodywork Licensing test Syllabus
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Exam Number : MBLEX
Exam Name : Massage & Bodywork Licensing Exam
Vendor Name : FSMTB
Update : Click Here to Check Latest Update
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MBLEX test Format | MBLEX Course Contents | MBLEX Course Outline | MBLEX test Syllabus | MBLEX test Objectives

The FSMTB governs and administers the Massage & Bodywork Licensing test (MBLEx). It serves the massage therapy and regulatory communities as the national entry-level licensure examination. The MBLEx is currently utilized for licensure in 46 of 49 regulated jurisdictions. These include the District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

The MBLEx is administered in both English and Spanish by Pearson VUE, the global leader in electronic testing services, at high-security test centers located throughout all 50 states, the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories.

To ensure that the MBLEx reflects current practice, FSMTB conducts a Job Task Analysis (JTA) Survey every five to seven years. The JTA seeks input from massage and bodywork professionals across the United States. This data is then used to analyze and revise MBLEx content as deemed necessary by the profession, guided by psychometric professionals.

The Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards (FSMTB) conducted a Job Task Analysis (JTA) in 2017 to ensure that the Massage & Bodywork Licensing test (MBLEx) is assessing knowledge and skills relevant to entry-level competence. Thousands of massage and bodywork professionals participated in the JTA survey and a follow up analysis of the responses was reviewed by subject matter experts, psychometricians and FSMTB member board representatives. The FSMTB Board of Directors adopted the recommended test plan.

Content changes that will be implemented for all MBLEx administrations, effective July 1, 2018:

The section entitled Overview of Massage/Bodywork Modalities, History and Culture will no longer be a separate section.
Overview of Massage/Bodywork Modalities will be reassigned as a subcategory under the section entitled Benefits and Physiological Effects of Techniques that Manipulate Soft Tissue; and
History and Culture subcategories will no longer be tested.

The distribution of Topics tested will be as follows:

Anatomy & Physiology changes from 12% to 11%

Kinesiology changes from 11% to 12%

Pathology, Contraindications, Areas of Caution, Special Population changes from 13% to 14%

Benefits and Physiological Effects of Techniques that Manipulate Soft Tissue changes from 14% to 15%

Client Assessment Reassessment & Treatment Planning remains at 17%

Ethics, Boundaries, Laws and Regulations changes from 15% to 16%

Guidelines for Professional Practice changes from 13% to 15%

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (11%)

A. System structure

• Circulation

• Digestive

• Endocrine

• Integumentary

• Lymphatic

• Muscular

• Nervous

• Reproduction

• Respiratory

• Skeletal

• Special Senses

• Urinary

B. System function

• Circulation

• Digestive

• Endocrine

• Integumentary

• Lymphatic

• Muscular

• Nervous

• Reproduction

• Respiratory

• Skeletal

• Special Senses

• Urinary

C. Tissue injury and repair

D. Concepts of energetic anatomy

KINESIOLOGY (12%)

A. Components and characteristics of muscles

B. Concepts of muscle contractions

C. Proprioceptors

D. Locations, attachments (origins, insertions), actions and fiber directions of muscles

E. Joint structure and function

F. Range of motion

• Active

• Passive

• Resistant

PATHOLOGY, CONTRAINDICATIONS, AREAS OF CAUTION, SPECIAL

POPULATIONS (14%)

A.Overview of Pathologies

B.Contraindications

• Site specific

• Pathology related

• Special populations

• Tools

• Special applications

C.Areas of caution

D.Special populations

E.Classes of medications

BENEFITS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TECHNIQUES THAT MANIPULATE SOFT TISSUE (15%)

A. Identification of the physiological effects of soft tissue manipulation

B. Psychological aspects and benefits of touch

C. Benefits of soft tissue manipulation for specific client populations

D. Soft tissue techniques

• Types of strokes

• Sequence of application

E. Hot/cold applications

F. Overview of massage/bodywork modalities

CLIENT ASSESSMENT, REASSESSMENT & TREATMENT PLANNING (17%)

A. Organization of a massage/bodywork session

B. Client consultation and evaluation

• Verbal intake

• Health history form

C. Written data collection

D. Visual exam

• General

• Postural

E. Palpation exam

F. Range of motion exam

G. Clinical reasoning

• Ability to rule out contraindications

• Client treatment goal setting

• Evaluation of response to previous treatment

• Formulation of treatment strategy

ETHICS, BOUNDARIES, LAWS, REGULATIONS (16%)

A. Ethical behavior

B. Professional boundaries

C. Code of ethics violations

D. The therapeutic relationship

E. Dual relationships

F. Sexual misconduct

G. Massage/bodywork-related laws and regulations

H. Scope of practice

I. Professional communication

J. Confidentiality

K. Principles

GUIDELINES FOR PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE (15%)

A. Proper and safe use of equipment and supplies

B. Therapist hygiene

C. Sanitation and cleanliness

D. Safety practices

• Facilities

• Therapist personal safety

• Client safety

E. Therapist care

• Body mechanics

• Protective gear (masks, gowns, gloves, etc)

• Self-care

• Injury prevention

F. Draping

• Safe and appropriate

• Communication

G. Business Practices

• Business planning

• Strategic planning
• Office management

• Marketing

• Hiring/Interviewing

• Documentation and Records

- Client records

- Business records

H. Healthcare and business terminology

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FSMTB Bodywork Free PDF

Best free PDF editors 2023: Their top picks

If you work with PDF files regularly then a PDF editor is an indispensable tool. Whether it’s part of your job, you manage PDF files for your own personal use, or you just need to complete a one-off editing task, a top editor program is an essential piece of software. Full-featured editors such as Adobe’s Acrobat Pro DC might provide all of the bells and whistles, but a free PDF editor can still offer most of the important tools of a paid service for no additional charge.

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PDF Candy – Best free PDF editor overall

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Free version limits you to one task per hour

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PDF Candy is the rare free PDF editor that offers a lot of the features you’d typically have to pay for. We’re talking scanning, multiple file-conversion options, and OCR functionality. While the free version has access to the expansive toolset of the paid version, you’re limited to one PDF task per hour. For unfettered access, you need to shell out $6 month.

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Limited native sharing options

Only available to Mac users

Price When Reviewed: Built into macOS

Mac users have an excellent PDF editor built right into their operating system. Although its ostensibly a photo viewer, macOS’s Preview app is rife with PDF-editing capabilities including tools for adding text and shapes, redacting content, making freehand drawings, inserting sticky notes, and capturing your signature using your trackpad, camera, or iPhone.

Read their full Apple Preview PDF editor review

Sejda PDF editor – Most versatile free PDF editor

Pros

Online and desktop versions available

Performs dozens of PDF tasks

No frills interface is easy to use

Cons

There are daily usage limits without a subscription

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Price When Reviewed: Free (Premium $7.50/mo)

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Read their full Sejda PDF editor review What to look for in a free PDF editor

Content editing: As its name indicates, a PDF editor’s primary function is to enable you to edit a document. That includes the ability to add and modify text; insert, resize, and move images; and reorganize pages in the PDF. Most free PDF editors will let you perform these tasks, though they may impose daily limits on how many you can perform or how many documents you can edit.

Create, convert, and export PDFs: A common need for a PDF editor is to create PDF files from scanned hard copies or by converting digital documents. A good free PDF editor will be able to convert common file formats such as Word, JPG, and HTML to a PDF and preserve the original formatting. It should also be able to export PDFs into other editable formats such as Microsoft Word and PowerPoint, HTML, or plain text, maintaining the original files hyperlinks, images, and other elements.

Review and annotate: Most free PDF editors allow you to add comments and other annotations to PDF files during review. Typical annotation tools include sticky notes, shapes, and drawing markup options.

Signatures: Often all you need a PDF editor for is to sign a document. This used to be a premium feature only available on paid desktop editors, but more free PDF editors are allowing users to create and add electronic signatures to documents.

FAQ 1. Is there a difference between a PDF document and a PDF form?

While there are a number of different types of PDF file formats, they all fall under the umbrella term of PDF documents. A PDF form is a type of PDF document that has editable form fields a user can fill out. Typically, parts of the document are static and can’t be changed in a PDF form. These usually include questions and instructions for those who end up filling out the form later on. In a PDF form, the content fields a user fills out are typically open to editing and can offer a list of possible answer options or can be written in freely.

2. Are Word files and PDF documents different?

Yes. They are two entirely different document formats. While you can export from one file format to another, they are not the same. Word file formats are usually used for word processing, editing, and making changes to text. PDF documents on the other hand, are most often utilized for viewing, sharing, and printing documents. Additionally, Word files can be read and/or written to and contain some version of the “.doc” file format. Whereas PDF files are typically read-only and contain the “.pdf” file format.

3. Can you stop other people from editing your PDF documents?

Yes. If you have a PDF document that you do not want anyone else to be able to edit, you can protect the file. You can do this by opening the file in Acrobat, clicking Tools > Protect. Then you have a few options as to whether you want to just restrict editing with a password, or if you want to encrypt the file for further safety. Once you choose how you want to protect the PDF document, you can set a password and save.

4. Can I merge PDFs with a free PDF editor?

Yes, many free PDF editors such as their top pick PDF Candy, allow you to merge two or more PDFs into one. As most free PDF editors are browser-based, you will just need to open up the PDF editor application or website in your browser and click the “Merge” option. It will then ask you to add the files of all PDFs you wish to merge. Once the files have been added, just make sure that they are in the correct position and alignment you want before proceeding with the merge. Afterwards, all of your previously PDF files will be merged together into one new PDF document.

5. Does Google have a free PDF editor?

Yes and no. Google doesn’t provide a designated free PDF editor itself, but there are third-party Chrome extensions that you can use to help get the job done. Alternatively, you can make use of Google Drive to edit a PDF document. Simply upload the document onto your Google Drive and then select the file and right-click and select Open with > Google Docs. The file will be opened as an editable Google Docs text document. Then just make your edits and when you’re finished click File > obtain > PDF Document to revert it back to a PDF file.

This method is a quick and easy way to edit a simple PDF document, but be careful as Google Docs can run into formatting issues if your original document has complex visual formatting such as tables and graphs. In this case, it’s best to use a designated free or premium PDF editor.

BMI Calculator: Check Your Body Mass Index

BMI is calculated by dividing your weight in pounds by the square of your height in inches, and then multiplying by a conversion factor of 703, according to the CDC. See the formula below for an example.

Weight = 150 poundsHeight = 5’5″ (65 inches)BMI calculation: [150 ÷ (65)2] x 703 = 24.96

BMI Chart for Adults

Weight status categories based on BMI for adults ages 20 and up, regardless of age or sex, are as follows, according to the CDC:

BMI Chart for Children and Teens

While BMI is calculated the same way for both adults and children, it’s interpreted differently. Whereas BMI for adults isn’t dependent on age or sex, it is dependent on those factors for children and teenagers.

For children and teens, the weight category in which they fall is deduced from a percentile chart (the one they use in their calculator comes from data obtained from the World Health Organization and applies to those ages 5 to 19). The percentile chart compares the BMI of children and teens to others who are the same age and sex. For example, if children or teens fall in the 75th percentile, their BMI is greater than 75% of other people of the same age and sex.

After receiving the percentile value from the chart, you can find the assigned weight category based on the table below:

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
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