Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : MCPA-Level-1
Exam Name : MuleSoft Certified Platform Architect - Level 1
Vendor Name : MuleSoft
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MCPA-Level-1 exam Format | MCPA-Level-1 Course Contents | MCPA-Level-1 Course Outline | MCPA-Level-1 exam Syllabus | MCPA-Level-1 exam Objectives


Exam Code: MCPA Level 1

Exam Name: MuleSoft Certified Platform Architect - Level 1

Format: Multiple-choice, closed book, proctored, online

Length: 60 questions

Duration: 120 minutes (2 hours)

Pass score: 70%

Language: English



A MuleSoft Certified Platform Architect should be able to define and be responsible for an organizations Anypoint Platform strategy. The MCPA – Level 1 exam validates that an architect has the required knowledge and skills to direct the emergence of an effective application network out of individual integration solutions following API-led connectivity across an organization using Anypoint Platform. Certified candidates should be able to:



- Understanding API-led Connectivity:
- Define API-led connectivity and its benefits.
- Differentiate between System APIs, Process APIs, and Experience APIs.
- Explain the role of APIs in modern application architectures.

- Anypoint Platform Overview:
- Describe the core components of Anypoint Platform
- Anypoint Design Center
- Anypoint Exchange
- Anypoint Runtime Manager
- CloudHub
- Understand the purpose and use cases of each component.

- API Design Principles:
- Explain RESTful API design principles
- HTTP methods
- status codes
- resource-based URLs
- Understand RAML and its role in API design.
- Describe API security best practices
- OAuth 2.0
- OpenID Connect
- API keys

- Organizational Strategy:
- Define an API strategy for an organization.
- Identify stakeholders and their roles in API governance.
- Establish API governance policies and standards.

- Platform Configuration:
- Configure Anypoint Platform for optimal performance and security.
- Set up user roles and permissions.
- Implement API versioning and lifecycle management.

- API Design:
- Design APIs using RAML or other API design tools.
- Model data structures and API resources.
- Define API security requirements.

- API Interactions:
- Design API interactions using API proxies and API policies.
- Implement error handling and logging.
- Utilize API versioning strategies.

- API-led Connectivity Patterns:
- Apply API-led connectivity patterns to complex integration scenarios.
- Design reusable API components.
- Leverage API proxies for transformation and routing.

- API Implementation:
- Develop Mule applications to implement APIs.
- Use MuleSoft connectors and expressions to integrate with various systems.
- Implement error handling, logging, and monitoring.

- API Governance:
- Enforce API standards and policies.
- Manage API lifecycle
- creation
- deployment
- retirement
- Monitor API usage and performance.

- API Security:
- Implement API security measures
- authentication
- authorization
- encryption
- Protect against API threats
- injection attacks
- unauthorized access
- Manage API keys and tokens.

- API Access Control:
- Configure API access policies using Anypoint Platform.
- Implement role-based access control.
- Manage API rate limiting and throttling.

- API Security:
- Enforce API security measures
- OAuth 2.0
- OpenID Connect
- API keys
- Protect against API threats
- injection attacks
- unauthorized access
- Manage API keys and tokens.

- API Deployment:
- Deploy APIs to CloudHub or on-premises environments.
- Configure deployment settings
- scaling
- security
- monitoring
- Manage API versions and updates.

- API Documentation:
- Generate API documentation using Anypoint Design Center.
- Publish API documentation to a developer portal.
- Provide developer support and training.

- CloudHub Deployment:
- Deploy Mule applications to CloudHub.
- Configure CloudHub worker settings and scaling policies.
- Monitor CloudHub application performance and logs.

- API Performance:
- Optimize API performance
- caching
- asynchronous processing
- batching
- Identify and resolve performance bottlenecks.
- Monitor API response times and throughput.

- API Resilience:
- Implement fault tolerance and error handling mechanisms.
- Design for high availability and disaster recovery.
- Monitor API availability and reliability.

- API Monitoring:
- Monitor API usage, performance, and errors.
- Use Anypoint Platform analytics to gain insights into API traffic.
- Set up alerts and notifications for critical events.

- Application Network Analysis:
- Analyze the overall health and performance of the application network.
- Identify opportunities for optimization and improvement.
- Use Anypoint Platform analytics to track API usage and trends.



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug