Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : MORF
Exam Name : M_o_R Foundation Risk Management Certification
Vendor Name : Axelos
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MORF test Format | MORF Course Contents | MORF Course Outline | MORF test Syllabus | MORF test Objectives
EXAM CODE: MORF
EXAM NAME: M_o_R Foundation Risk Management Certification
The M_o_R Guide is intended to help organizations put in place an effective framework for risk
management. This will help them make informed decisions about the risks that affect their strategic,
programme, project and operational objectives.
The guide provides a route map for risk management, bringing together basic concepts, an approach, a
process with a set of interrelated process steps, and pointers to more detailed sources of advice on risk
management techniques and specialisms. It also provides advice on how the principles, approach and
processes should be embedded, reviewed and applied differently depending on the nature of the
objectives at risk.
The primary purpose of the syllabus is to provide a basis for accreditation of people involved with
M_o_R. It documents the learning outcomes related to the use of M_o_R and describes the
requirements a candidate is expected to meet to demonstrate that these learning outcomes have been
achieved at each qualification level.
The target audience for this document is:
test Board
test Panel
AXELOS Assessment Team
Accredited Training Organizations.
This syllabus informs the design of the exams and provides accredited training organizations with a
more detailed breakdown of what the exams will assess. Details on the exam
- Risk 1.2, Glossary
- Issue Glossary
- Threat 1.2, Glossary
- Opportunity 1.2, Glossary
- 02 Corporate governance terms used in the M_o_R framework:
- Risk exposure 1.2, Glossary
- Risk management 1.3, Glossary
- Corporate governance 1.6, Glossary
- Long-term
- Medium-term
- Short-term
- The seven principles that enable risk management 2.2 – 2.8
- The principle that results from implementing risk
- Aligns with objectives
- Fits the context
- Engages stakeholders
- Provides clear guidance
- Informs decision-making
- Facilitates continual improvement
- Creates a supportive culture
- Achieves measurable value.
- Aligns with objectives
- Fits the context
- Engages stakeholders
- Provides clear guidance
- Informs decision-making
- Facilitates continual improvement
- Creates a supportive culture
- Achieves measurable value
- Aligns with objectives.
- Fits the context
- Engages stakeholders
- Provides clear guidance
- Informs decision-making
- Facilitates continual improvement
- Creates a supportive culture
- Achieves measurable value
- KPIs
- EWIs
- Tolerance threshold
- Stakeholder analysis
- Approach documents
- Health check
- Maturity model
- Lessons learned
- 2.2 – 2.9
- Risk management policy
- Risk management process guide
- Risk management strategy
- 3.1
- Risk management policy
- Risk management process guide
- Risk management strategy
- Risk Register
- Issue Register
- Risk improvement plan
- Risk communications plan
- Risk response plan
- Risk progress report
- Scales for estimating probability and impact
- Risk categories
- Risk appetite for the activity
- Risk tolerance thresholds for the activity
- Reporting lines, owners of contingent plans, duties of the risk
- Risk description
- Risk category
- Probability
- Impact
- Proximity
- Risk status
- Risk response actions
- Appendix A.4.1
- Risk management policy
- Risk management process guide
- Risk management strategy
- Risk register
- Issue register
- Risk improvement plan
- Risk communications plan
- Risk response plan
- Risk progress report
- Probability (inherent and residual) 4.6 – 4.9,
- Impact (inherent and residual) Glossary
- Proximity
- The steps in the M_o_R process
- The primary steps in the M_o_R process 4.1, 4.4 – 4.9
- The sub-steps in the Identify and Assess steps 4.1, 4.4 – 4.7
- The sequence of the steps 4.1, 4.4 – 4.9
- Strategic
- Programme
- Project
- Operational
- Strategic
- Programme
- Project
- Operational
- Strategic
- Programme
- Project
- Operational
- Strategic
- Programme
- Project
- Operational
- The risk management responsibilities of the senior team
- Writes and owns the risk management policy
- Defines the overall risk appetite
- Reviews the risk management strategy
- Cause
- Event
- Effect
- Risk response planning technique:
- Avoid a threat
- Exploit an opportunity
- Reduce a threat
- Enhance an opportunity
- Transfer the risk
- Share the risk
- Accept the risk
- Prepare contingent plans
- Expected value
- Monte Carlo simulation
- Sensitivity analysis
- Probability tree
- Decision Tree
- Cost benefit analysis
- Summary Risk Profile
- Exposure Trends
- Business continuity management
- Incident and crisis management
- Health and safety management
- Security risk management
- Financial risk management
- Environmental risk management
- Reputational risk management
- Contract risk management
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug