Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : MTEL
Exam Name : Massachusetts Tests for Educator Licensure
Vendor Name : Certification-Board
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MTEL test Format | MTEL Course Contents | MTEL Course Outline | MTEL test Syllabus | MTEL test Objectives
Test Detail:
The MTEL (Massachusetts Tests for Educator Licensure) is a series of exams administered by the Certification Board for Massachusetts educators. These tests are designed to assess the knowledge and skills of individuals seeking educator licensure in the state of Massachusetts. Here is a detailed overview of the MTEL, including the number of questions and time, course outline, test objectives, and test syllabus.
Number of Questions and Time:
The number of questions and time allotted for each MTEL test may vary depending on the specific test. The MTEL consists of multiple-choice questions, open-response items, and performance tasks. Typically, the exams include:
- Number of Questions: Approximately 100 to 150 questions
- Time Limit: Varies between 4 to 4.5 hours
Course Outline:
The MTEL exams cover a wide range of Topics related to education and specific subject areas. The specific course outline will depend on the test you are taking. The MTEL offers exams in various subjects, including English, Math, Science, Social Studies, Early Childhood Education, Special Education, and more. The course outline typically includes the following components:
1. Subject-Specific Knowledge:
- Content knowledge specific to the subject area, such as literature, mathematics, history, or science.
- Pedagogical knowledge related to teaching strategies and instructional methods specific to the subject area.
2. Foundations of Education:
- Educational psychology and learning theories.
- Child development and educational theories.
- Classroom management and test techniques.
3. Professionalism and Instructional Practices:
- Ethics and professional responsibilities.
- Effective teaching practices.
- Diversity and inclusion in the classroom.
- Technology integration in education.
Exam Objectives:
The objectives of the MTEL exams are to assess the candidate's knowledge and skills in the relevant subject area and their readiness to become licensed educators. The specific objectives vary depending on the exam, but generally include:
- Evaluating subject-specific knowledge and understanding.
- Assessing pedagogical knowledge and instructional strategies.
- Evaluating the ability to apply knowledge to real-world teaching scenarios.
- Testing knowledge of test and data analysis techniques.
- Assessing knowledge of educational theories and best practices.
- Evaluating understanding of diversity, inclusion, and special education practices.
Exam Syllabus:
The MTEL test syllabus varies depending on the specific test. Each test has a unique syllabus that outlines the content areas and competencies to be assessed. The syllabus typically includes:
- Subject-specific content areas and knowledge domains.
- Competencies and skills required for effective teaching in the subject area.
- Recommended resources and study materials.
- Guidelines for the different question formats, such as multiple-choice, open-response, and performance tasks.
It is important to note that the MTEL exams cover a wide range of subjects and grade levels, and the specific content and emphasis within each test may vary. It is recommended to consult the official MTEL website or authorized study resources for the most accurate and up-to-date syllabus and test information for the specific test you are planning to take.
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Puerto Rico Board Denies EPA Request to Dump Dredge Waste in OceanFor Immediate Release, October 7, 2022 Contact: Federico Cintrón Moscoso, El Puente, (787) 529-5802, fcintronmoscoso@elpuente.usPedro Saadé Lloréns, University of Puerto Rico Law Clinic, (787) 397-9993, pedrosaade5@gmail.comCatherine Kilduff, Center for Biological Diversity, (202) 780-8862, ckilduff@biologicaldiversity.org Puerto Rico Board Denies EPA Request to Dump Dredge Waste in Ocean Shipping Channel Plan for LNG Facility Harms Communities, Corals, Marine Life SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico— The Puerto Rico Planning Board has formally objected to the federal government’s plan to dispose of millions of cubic yards of dredge waste in five ocean sites around Puerto Rico without further environmental studies. The board did not find the Environmental Protection Agency’s plan to be sufficient for preventing harm to coral reefs, which play a role in preserving fisheries and protecting communities and infrastructure from severe storms. The EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers had applied to the board for a “certification of consistency,” which would have confirmed that their plan was in line with the Puerto Rico Coastal Management Program. The federal plan would allow the ocean dumping of waste created by dredging the San Juan Bay shipping channel, which would give large ships access to a new liquified natural gas terminal. “This request to dispose of the contaminated material from the San Juan Bay around Puerto Rico, without consulting with the communities that have opposed the dredging, is contrary to the vision expressed by the EPA to pay more attention to environmental justice communities,” said Federico Cintrón Moscoso, director of the organization El Puente-Enlace Latino de Acción Climática. “Before this plan goes any further, they demand that all activities related to this dredging comply with an environmental impact statement in which the communities and affected groups have a chance to participate.” The San Juan Bay Dredging Project involves dredging and disposing of more than 2 million cubic yards of sediment. Dumping this waste could contaminate ocean ecosystems with heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium and mercury, and other harmful chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. Community and conservation groups — El Puente, CORALations and the Center for Biological Diversity — filed a federal lawsuit in August over the Army Corps’ plans to expand the shipping channel. The lawsuit challenges the Corps’ failure to prepare an environmental impact statement analyzing the effects gigantic tankers and the new LNG terminal will have on local communities, corals and wildlife. The suit also contests the Corps’ plan to dispose of some dredged material in the Condado Lagoon nature reserve, which is important habitat for manatees. “Puerto Rico’s Planning Board deserves kudos for denying the EPA’s dirty dumping plan,” said Catherine Kilduff, an attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity. “Dumping waste onto corals in the ocean doubles the destruction from dredging projects. The San Juan dredging project saddles Puerto Rico with a dependence on fossil fuels and harm to communities and eco-tourism, and ocean disposal magnifies that damage.” Sediment plumes leaking from barges carrying dredge waste often smother corals and other bottom-dwelling wildlife. Reefs along the north coast of San Juan near the proposed dumping sites provide habitat for seven species of Endangered Species Act-listed corals, including elkhorn, staghorn and pillar corals. Some of these areas are federally designated critical habitat for elkhorn and staghorn corals as well as proposed critical habitat for the other species. Coral reefs — which are extremely biodiverse — also support several other marine species, providing habitat for more than 25% of all life in the ocean. El Puente de Williamsburg, Inc. – Enlace Latino de Acción Climática is a group concerned about the impacts of climate change in the archipelago of Puerto Rico. CORALations is an award-winning organization founded in Puerto Rico in 1995 to work with Caribbean communities to protect and restore their coral reefs. The Center for Biological Diversity is a national, nonprofit conservation organization with more than 1.7 million members and online activists dedicated to the protection of endangered species and wild places. Bayern board dumps Kahn after winning titleKahn, who caused controvesy after sacking Julian Nagelsmann in March despite the coach still having the side in the hunt for a treble, will be replaced by the current vice-chairman of the board Jan-Christian Dreesen, while a successor is still to be decided for Salihamidzic. Dreesen, 55, has served as vice-chairman of the Bayern board for the past 10 years and announced he would leave at the end of the 2022/23 season to seek new challenges. But he's now staying on to take the most challenging reins available. Herbert Hainer, chairman of the FC Bayern supervisory board, said: “Jan-Christian Dreesen has done an outstanding job for FC Bayern over the past 20 years. He lives FC Bayern, knows the club inside out and knows what is important here. They are very pleased that he is taking on this task. He can get to work without a period of adjustment, and that's exactly what FC Bayern needs in the current situation.” Dreesen said: “First of all, I would like to thank their supervisory board for the trust they have placed in me. I had planned something else in my life, but when FC Bayern calls, you leave everything else behind. "This club has always been a matter of the heart for me and I also know what positive power it can develop. I will continue to use all my energy to be successful with FC Bayern in all areas and I am looking forward to the new task. Those who know me know how much the club, its employees and their fans mean to me.” Kahn was appointed to the Bayern board at the start of 2020 and took over as chief executive in July 2021. Since then, FC Bayern has won every trophy available to it, some multiple time, and he would have seen Bayern claim an 11th straight Bundesliga title in Cologne, but revealed he'd been forbidden to attend. "Unbelievable! A big compliment and congratulations guys! I always told you so!" Kahn tweeted after the 2-1 win at KC Koln that sealed the title, with Borussia Dortmund having blown the league lead by drawing 2-2 with Mainz. "Always give everything to the end and never give up. I am incredibly proud of you and this achievement! I would like to celebrate with you, but unfortunately I can't be with you today because the club has forbidden me. I'm looking forward to next season. They will not only be German champions for the 12th time! Let's celebrate!" Before that, Kahn was goalkeeper and captain for Bayern from 1994 to 2008 and won the UEFA Champions League, the FIFA Club World Cup, the UEFA Cup, the Bundesliga eight times, and the DFB Cup and the DFL League Cup six times each. Hainer said: “The decision to part with Oliver Kahn was anything but easy for the supervisory board. Nevertheless, due to the overall development, they have come to the decision to make a new appointment at the top of the executive board. They would like to thank Oliver Kahn for his commitment, his ideas and for everything they have achieved together. He will always remain a great figure at FC Bayern. They wish him all the best for his future.” Puerto Rico Board Denies EPA Request to Dump Dredge Waste in OceanSAN JUAN, Puerto Rico— The Puerto Rico Planning Board has formally objected to the federal government’s plan to dispose of millions of cubic yards of dredge waste in five ocean sites around Puerto Rico without further environmental studies. The board did not find the Environmental Protection Agency’s plan to be sufficient for preventing harm to coral reefs, which play a role in preserving fisheries and protecting communities and infrastructure from severe storms. The EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers had applied to the board for a “certification of consistency,” which would have confirmed that their plan was in line with the Puerto Rico Coastal Management Program. The federal plan would allow the ocean dumping of waste created by dredging the San Juan Bay shipping channel, which would give large ships access to a new liquified natural gas terminal. “This request to dispose of the contaminated material from the San Juan Bay around Puerto Rico, without consulting with the communities that have opposed the dredging, is contrary to the vision expressed by the EPA to pay more attention to environmental justice communities,” said Federico Cintrón Moscoso, director of the organization El Puente-Enlace Latino de Acción Climática. “Before this plan goes any further, they demand that all activities related to this dredging comply with an environmental impact statement in which the communities and affected groups have a chance to participate.” The San Juan Bay Dredging Project involves dredging and disposing of more than 2 million cubic yards of sediment. Dumping this waste could contaminate ocean ecosystems with heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium and mercury, and other harmful chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. Community and conservation groups — El Puente, CORALations and the Center for Biological Diversity — filed a federal lawsuit in August over the Army Corps’ plans to expand the shipping channel. The lawsuit challenges the Corps’ failure to prepare an environmental impact statement analyzing the effects gigantic tankers and the new LNG terminal will have on local communities, corals and wildlife. The suit also contests the Corps’ plan to dispose of some dredged material in the Condado Lagoon nature reserve, which is important habitat for manatees. “Puerto Rico’s Planning Board deserves kudos for denying the EPA’s dirty dumping plan,” said Catherine Kilduff, an attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity. “Dumping waste onto corals in the ocean doubles the destruction from dredging projects. The San Juan dredging project saddles Puerto Rico with a dependence on fossil fuels and harm to communities and eco-tourism, and ocean disposal magnifies that damage.” Sediment plumes leaking from barges carrying dredge waste often smother corals and other bottom-dwelling wildlife. Reefs along the north coast of San Juan near the proposed dumping sites provide habitat for seven species of Endangered Species Act-listed corals, including elkhorn, staghorn and pillar corals. Some of these areas are federally designated critical habitat for elkhorn and staghorn corals as well as proposed critical habitat for the other species. Coral reefs — which are extremely biodiverse — also support several other marine species, providing habitat for more than 25% of all life in the ocean. |
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug