Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : Mulesoft-CD
Exam Name : MuleSoft Certified Developer -Level 1 (MCD-Level1)
Vendor Name : MuleSoft
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Mulesoft-CD test Format | Mulesoft-CD Course Contents | Mulesoft-CD Course Outline | Mulesoft-CD test Syllabus | Mulesoft-CD test Objectives
Format: Multiple-choice, closed book, proctored online or in a testing center
Length: 60 questions
Duration: 120 minutes (2 hours)
Pass score: 70%
Language: English
The test can be taken a maximum of 5 times, with a 24 hour wait between each attempt.
Description
MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4)A MuleSoft Certified Developer – Level 1 should be able to successfully work on basic Mule 4 projects with guidance and supervision. The MCD – Level 1 (Mule 4) test validates that a developer has the required knowledge and skills to design, build, test and debug, deploy, and manage basic APIs and integrations: moving from Anypoint Platform to Anypoint Studio and back. S/he should be able to:
- Use MuleSoft-hosted Anypoint Platform to take a basic API through all the steps of its lifecycle: design, build, deploy, manage, and govern.
- Use Anypoint Studio to build, test, and debug basic integrations and API implementations.
- Connect to a range of resources including databases, files, web services, SaaS applications, and JMS queues.
- Perform basic data transformations using DataWeave 2.
- Control event flow and handle errors.
- Process batch records.
Explain MuleSofts proposal for closing the IT delivery gap
Describe the role and characteristics of the “modern API”
Describe the purpose and roles of a C4E
Define and describe the benefits of API-led connectivity and application networks
Define and correctly use the terms API, API implementation, API interface, API consumer, and API invocation
Describe the basics of the HTTP protocol and characteristics of requests and responses
Describe the capabilities and high-level components of Anypoint Platform for the API lifecycle
DEV:FUN4 Module 1
DEV:FUN4 Module 2
Designing and Consuming APIs
Describe the lifecycle of the “modern API”
Use RAML to define API resources, nested resources, and methods
Identify when and how to define query parameters vs URI parameters
Use RAML to define API parameters, requests, and responses
Use RAML to define reusable data types and format independent examples
Read a RAML spec and formulate RESTful requests with query parameters and/or headers as appropriate
DEV:FUN4 Module 3
DEV:DIY4 Practice 3-1 and 4-1
Accessing and Modifying Mule Events
Describe the Mule event data structure
Use transformers to set event payloads, attributes, and variables
Write DataWeave expressions to access and modify event payloads, attributes, and variables
Enrich Mule events using target parameters
DEV:FUN4 Module 6
DEV:DIY4 Practice 6-1, 7-1, and 7-2
Enriching Data with Target Parameters
Structuring Mule Applications
Parameterize an application using property placeholders
Define and reuse global configurations in an application
Break an application into multiple flows using private flows, subflows, and the Flow Reference component
Specify what data (payload, attributes, variables) is persisted between flows when a Flow Reference is used
Specify what data (payload, attributes, variables) is persisted between flows when a Mule event crosses a connection boundary
Specify what data (payload, attributes, variables) exists in a flow before and after a call in the middle of a flow to an external resource
DEV:FUN4 Module 7
DEV:DIY4 Practice 7-1 and 7-2
Building API Implementation Interfaces
Manually create a RESTful interface for a Mule application
Generate a REST Connector from a RAML specification
Describe the features and benefits of APIkit
Use APIkit to create implementation flows from a RAML file
Describe how requests are routed through flows generated by APIkit
DEV:FUN4 Module 4
DEV:FUN4 Module 8
DEV:DIY4 Practice 4-1
Routing Events
Use the Choice router to route events based on conditional logic
Use the Scatter-Gather router to multicast events
Validate data using the Validation module
DEV:FUN4 Module 9
DEV:DIY4 Practice 9-1
Handling Errors
Describe the default error handling in a Mule application
Define a custom global default error handler for an application and identify in what situations it will be used
Compare and contrast how the On Error Continue and On Error Propagate scopes work
Create one or more error handlers for a flow
Use the Try scope to specify error handlers for one or more event processors
Describe the data structure of the Mule Error object
Map errors to custom application errors
DEV:FUN4 Module 10
DEV:DIY4 Practice 10-1
Transforming Data with DataWeave
Write DataWeave scripts to convert JSON, XML, and Java data structures to different data structures and data types
Use DataWeave functions
Define and use DataWeave variables, functions, and modules
Define and use custom data types
Apply correct DataWeave syntax to coerce data types
Apply correct DataWeave syntax to format strings, numbers, and dates
Call Mule flows from a DataWeave script
DEV:FUN4 Module 11
DEV:DIY4 Practice 11-1
Using Connectors
Retrieve data from a Database using the Database connector
Create parameterized SQL queries for the Database connector
Retrieve data from a REST service using HTTP Request or a REST Connector
Use a Web Service Consumer connector to consume SOAP web services
Use the Transform Message component to pass arguments to a SOAP web service
List, read, and write local files using the File connector
List, read, and write remote files using the FTP connector
Use the JMS connector to publish and listen for JMS messages
DEV:FUN4 Module 4
DEV:FUN4 Module 8
DEV:FUN4 Module 12
DEV:DIY4 Practice 4-1, 8-1, 12-1, and 12-2
Processing Records
List and compare and contrast the methods for processing individual records in a collection
Explain how Mule events are processed by the For Each scope
Use the For Each scope to process records
Explain how Mule events are processed by the Batch Job scope
Use a Batch Job with Batch Steps and a Batch Aggregator to process records
Use the Scheduler component to trigger a flow
Use connector listeners to trigger flows
Describe the features, benefits, and process to use watermarking
Describe the features, benefits, and process to use automatic watermarking vs. manual watermarking
Use connectors with automatic watermarking capabilities
Persist data between flow executions using the Object Store
DEV:FUN4 Module 12
DEV:FUN4 Module 13
DEV:DIY4 Practice 13-1
Debugging and Troubleshooting Mule Applications
Use breakpoints to inspect a Mule event during runtime
Install missing Maven dependencies
Read and decipher Mule log error messages
DEV:FUN4 Module 6
DEV:FUN4 all WTs
DEV:DIY4 Practice 6-1 and Walkthrough
DEV:DIY4 all exercises
Deploying and Managing APIs and Integrations
Package Mule applications for deployment
Deploy applications to CloudHub
Use CloudHub properties to ensure deployment success
Create and deploy API proxies
Connect an API implementation to API Manager using autodiscovery
Use policies, including client ID enforcement, to secure an API
Create SLA tiers and apply SLA based policies
DEV:FUN4 Module 5
DEV:DIY4 Practice 5-1 and 5-2
Configuring API Autodiscovery in a Mule 4 Application
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug

