Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Directorship-Certification NACD : NACD Directorship Certification test Questions, MCQs and Practice Test

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Exam Number : NACD
Exam Name : NACD Directorship Certification
Vendor Name : Directorship-Certification
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NACD test Format | NACD Course Contents | NACD Course Outline | NACD test Syllabus | NACD test Objectives


Exam: NACD Directorship Certification
Format: Online- proctored test (multiple-choice and scenario-based questions).
Duration: 2 hours.
Passing Score: 70% or higher (exact threshold may vary).
Multiple-Choice (Single & Multiple Select)
Scenario-Based Questions (Real-world governance dilemmas)

- Monitor reputational risk to the organization (for example- allegations of board- officer- director- and/or employee misconduct; the organizations social responsibility practices; and etc.).
- Review the effectiveness of crisis-management plans (including business continuity plans- cybersecurity plans- etc.).
- Review Code of Conduct and whistleblower policies.
- Monitor compliance with Code of Conduct and whistleblower policies- reports- and disposition.
- Define the roles and responsibilities of the board- board chair- chief executive officer (CEO)- and management.
- Monitor managements performance against agreed upon financial objectives.
- Monitor managements performance against agreed upon nonfinancial objectives (for example- workforce diversity- equity- and inclusion (DE&I); corporate culture; employee engagement; and etc.).
- Assess/benchmark- approve- and monitor agreed-upon key performance indicators (KPIs) and corrective actions.
- Assess the effectiveness of internal controls.
- Monitor CEO engagement with stakeholders (such as shareholders- employees- customers- and community).
- Review and monitor regulations and associated compliance programs.
- Review and approve the recommendations of the audit.
- Knowledge of typical components of an organizations code of conduct
- Knowledge of the roles of external advisors to the board (e.g.- compensation consultant- external auditor- outside counsel- etc.)
- Knowledge of the proxy voting process
- Knowledge of the legal implications of shareholder communications
- Knowledge of the investor-relations function
- Knowledge of the boards role in shareholder engagement and communication
- Knowledge of the audit process (including roles and responsibilities of audit committees- external auditors- internal auditors- etc.)
- Knowledge of required disclosures to investors
- Knowledge of regulatory bodies and processes impacting an industry
- Knowledge of organization valuations (such as book value- intrinsic value- discounted cash flow- comparable multiples- etc.)
- Knowledge of nonfinancial business performance metrics
- Knowledge of key performance indicators and benchmarks and their use by the board in assessing management performance
- Knowledge of financial statements
- Knowledge of emerging cybersecurity threats
- Ability to assess the strategic synergy between potential M&A targets and the organization
- Ability to assess the organizations competition
- Ability to assess the alignment between the organizations mission- values- and strategy
- Ability to assess and interpret financial statements
- Ability to assess an organizations performance against that of peer groups and goals
- Knowledge of various organizational structures (functional- divisional- matrix- etc.)
- Ability to provide independent thought leadership

- Conduct overall board performance evaluation.
- Conduct peer-to-peer board member exams.
- Conduct self-assessment of own performance on the board.
- Encourage an inclusive- ethical- and collaborative board culture.
- Develop a board succession/refreshment plan based on a skills matrix that is aligned with the strategy.
- Set expectations for continuous board education.
- Review and conduct an onboarding process for new board members.
- Review and conduct nominations and refreshment processes for board members- board officers- committee members- and committee chairs.
- Review and update board policies- committee charters- and bylaws.
- Practice fiduciary responsibilities of board members (including Duty of Care and Duty of Loyalty).

- Knowledge of US and international regulatory issues (such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and United Kingdom (UK) Bribery Act)
- Knowledge of types (Sides A- B- and C) and risk coverage provided by Directors & Officers (D&O) liability insurance
- Knowledge of the different responsibilities of the board- board chair- CEO- and management team
- Knowledge of fiduciary responsibilities of boards and board members (Duty of Care- Duty of Loyalty)
- Skill in developing mutual trust and respect between board members and management
- Ability to respond appropriately to misconduct
- Ability to contribute productively to the board evaluation process
- Knowledge of the Business Judgment Rule
- Ability to prepare and contribute to board discussions and decisions
- Ability to promote and engage in continuing board education
- Ability to objectively assess the directors own board performance
- Ability to objectively assess overall board and committee performance
- Ability to objectively assess fellow board members board performance
- Ability to establish nomination and onboarding processes
- Ability to effectively listen to and engage with other board directors
- Ability to develop a board succession plan
- Ability to contribute to an inclusive- ethical- and collaborative board culture

- Review the board pack prior to board meetings.
- Prepare questions and actively participate in board meetings based on materials provided- presentations- and board discussion.
- Review- discuss- and approve major management recommendations (such as mergers and acquisitions (M&A)- dividend policies- capital expenditures- restructuring- and changes in capital structure).
- Review and update the directors and officers (D&O)- errors and omissions (E&O)- and other insurance policies / coverages- and indemnification agreements.
- Encourage an environment of openness and dialogue between management and the board.

- Knowledge of potential disruptive risks (e.g.- anything that has a significant effect on an organizations revenues- profits- competitive position- or reputation)
- Ability to interpret and synthesize information provided by management
- Ability to identify issues that could impact the reputation of the organization
- Ability to assess the cultural health of an organization
- Ability to assess opportunities and risks associated with a proposed M&A transaction
- Ability to assess managements human capital strategy
- Ability to assess effectiveness of the organizations management of regulatory risk
- Ability to assess crisis management plans (including business continuity plans- cybersecurity incident response plans- etc.)
- Ability to assess the effectiveness of an organizations DE&I programs

- Evaluate and approve the companys strategic plan.
- Monitor progress toward the strategic plan objectives.
- Review and evaluate enterprise risk exam- mitigation- strategy- and response.
- Review and approve the organizations risk appetite.

- Knowledge of change-management strategies and processes
- Knowledge of strategy development and execution process
- Knowledge of M&A strategy and execution
- Ability to assess the proposed execution of a strategic plan
- Ability to assess the effectiveness of leadership in driving change
- Ability to ensure alignment between short-term and long-term objectives
- Ability to assess whether a change in organizational strategy is needed
- Ability to evaluate the organizations risk appetite
- Ability to evaluate the effectiveness of risk-mitigation plans
- Ability to identify strengths- weaknesses- opportunities- and threats (SWOT) and their potential impact on the company

- Select- hire- and (if necessary) terminate the CEO.
- Review and discuss succession planning for the organizations leadership.
- Evaluate the performance of the CEO and other named executive officers.
- Review and provide oversight of the organizations human-capital strategy.
- Determine the organizations executive total-compensation philosophy (base salary/ incentives/benefits/perks).
- Approve the compensation plan design and incentive payouts for the CEO and executive officers.
- Conduct executive sessions and provide CEO feedback.

- Knowledge of CEO recruitment and succession-planning process
- Ability to contribute to effective CEO succession planning
- Ability to assess the performance of the CEO against defined objectives and metrics
- Ability to assess the leadership pipeline
- Ability to assess and interpret executive pay plan design and payout decisions
- Ability to provide candid feedback to the CEO and executive team
- Ability to suggest/guide professional growth and development opportunities to the CEO and executive team
- Knowledge of elements of executive total compensation (base salary/incentives/benefits/perks)
- Ability to identify inappropriate behavior within the organization

Domain 1: Board Composition & Governance
Board structure- independence- and diversity
Director recruitment- onboarding- and evaluations
Committee roles (Audit- Compensation- Nominating & Governance)

Domain 2: Strategy & Risk Oversight
Role of the board in strategic planning
Risk identification- exam- and mitigation
Crisis management and cybersecurity oversight

Domain 3: Financial & Audit Oversight
Financial literacy for directors
Internal controls and audit committee responsibilities
Regulatory compliance (SOX- SEC- FASB standards)

Domain 4: CEO & Executive Compensation
CEO succession planning
Executive compensation alignment with performance
Shareholder engagement on pay equity

Domain 5: Stakeholder & Ethical Governance
ESG (Environmental- Social- Governance) oversight
Shareholder activism and engagement
Corporate culture and ethics compliance



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug