Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : NAWCO-AWCC
Exam Name : NAWCO Advanced Wound Care Certified
Vendor Name : Nursing
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NAWCO-AWCC test Format | NAWCO-AWCC Course Contents | NAWCO-AWCC Course Outline | NAWCO-AWCC test Syllabus | NAWCO-AWCC test Objectives


- Analyze procedural concepts to obtain patient history:
- Review, investigate, and document the patients history
- current complaint and condition
- past medical
- surgical history
- medications
- allergies
- family history
- social history
- past wound history

- Evaluate patients physical, mental, and psychosocial status
- cognition
- overall skin condition
- circulatory
- respiratory
- neurological
- musculoskeletal
- urological
- gastrointestinal

- Read and interpret healing test tools and recommend clinical interventions as appropriate.
- Identify and reevaluate on an ongoing basis intrinsic factors and their potential impact on wound healing
- age
- bio-burden
- BMI
- co-morbidities
- allergies
- infection
- non-adherence
- nutrition/hydration
- mobility
- cultural beliefs
- blood flow
- tissue perfusion
- necrotic tissue
- cognitive impairment
- allergies and/or adverse reaction to treatment modalities

- Identify and reevaluate on an ongoing basis extrinsic factors and their potential impact on wound healing
- infection
- medications
- pressure
- mechanical insult
- exposure to moisture
- smoking
- stress
- radiation
- cytotoxic solutions
- bio-burden
- foreign body

- Identify circumstances indicating need for interdisciplinary consults.

- Identify and differentiate between wound types
- acute vs. chronic
- partial thickness vs. full thickness

- Identify and differentiate between wound classifications.
- Describe how wound etiology contributes to determining appropriate treatment.

- Describe and document wound test to include:
- location and size including presence of tunneling
- under-mining
- sinus tract(s)
- appearance of the wound bed:
- type of tissue
- color
- presence of underlying structures
- wound margins
- wound drainage:
- Type
- Amount
- Color
- Odor
- appearance of the periwound area.

- Read and interpret lab studies
- blood sugar
- prealbumin
- albumin
- complete blood count
- zinc level
- coagulation studies
- hemoglobin A1C
- transferrin

- indicate situations in which these tests and other adjunctive modalities should be recommended and/or addressed.
- Evaluate the patients current nutritional status
- intake pattern
- BMI
- physical constraints limiting the patients ability to receive nutrition
- inability to use utensils
- impaired or unable to swallow
- inability to chew solid food

- Considering wound type
- overall patient status
- cost
- identify the most appropriate type of dressing
- topical
- Wound treatment
- alginates
- antimicrobial
- collagen
- composites
- contact layers
- foams
- growth factors
- hydrocolloids
- hydrogels
- special absorptives
- transparent films
- wound fillers
- impregnated gauze
- silicon
- bioengineered tissues
- cadaver
- porcine
- autologous grafts

- Considering wound type
- overall patient status
- cost
- identify the most appropriate type of pressure redistribution strategy:
- mattresses
- low air loss
- air fluidized
- alternating air
- foam, gel
- powered
- non-powered
- reactive vs non reactive
- cushions
- air
- foam
- gel
- alternating (air))
- mattress overlays
- low air loss
- alternating air
- foam
- gel
- specialty beds
- bariatric
- air fluidized
- lateral rotation

- Considering wound type, overall patient status, and cost
- identify the most appropriate type of wound bed preparation
- selective debridement types
- autolysis
- enzymatic
- biosurgical
- nonselective debridement types
- mechanical
- sharp/surgical
- chemical
- bacterial balancing (cleansing))

- Considering wound type, overall patient status, and cost
- identify the most appropriate type of adjunctive therapy
- ultrasounds
- diathermy
- electrical stimulation
- monochromatic therapy
- magnet therapy
- negative pressure therapy
- radiant therapy
- acupuncture

- laser
- total contact casting
- edema management
- compression therapy
- support stockings
- bandages
- pumps
- massage
- hyperbaric
- topical growth factors
- surgical

- Considering wound type
- identify adjunctive modalities
- determine use
- length of use
- indications and contraindication of the modalities
- how the products/treatments can be used in conjunction with other treatments and modalities.

- Identify and differentiate between signs and symptoms of wound infection and different levels of wound contamination.
- Identify signs and symptoms of complications and differentiate among complications that can occur in a wound
- infection
- hemorrhage
- dehiscence
- evisceration
- fistula

- Identify and address educational needs of the patient, healthcare team members, and/or family/support network
- Identify and address critical elements of a discharge/transitional plan for patient and family.
- Identify appropriate billing strategies and supporting documentation to mitigate denials.
- Demonstrate an understanding of the ethical aspects of wound care
- HIPAA
- informed consent
- advance directives

- IRB
- clinical trials
- research
- dissemination of findings
- patients preferences
- cultural
- religious
- personal beliefs

- Provide documentation throughout the process that complies with legal and institutional requirements and expectations for clear, concise, legible, and consistent documentation.



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug