Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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NBCOT COTA : Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant (COTA) exam MCQs and Practice Test

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Exam Number : NBCOT-COTA
Exam Name : Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant (COTA)
Vendor Name : NBCOT
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NBCOT-COTA exam Format | NBCOT-COTA Course Contents | NBCOT-COTA Course Outline | NBCOT-COTA exam Syllabus | NBCOT-COTA exam Objectives


Exam Code: NBCOT-COTA
Exam Name: Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant (COTA)
Number of Questions: 190 questions, consisting of single-response multiple-choice items (3 or 4 options) and six-option multi-select items where candidates must choose the three best answers.
Time Allotted: 4 hours to complete the exam. The total appointment time at the testing center is approximately 4 hours and 45 minutes, including check-in, optional tutorials (which do not count against exam time), and other administrative procedures.
Passing Marks: The exam is scored on a standardized scale from 300 to 600, with a minimum scaled score of 450 required to pass. This is a criterion-referenced exam, and the passing standard is based on the total number of questions answered correctly, not a percentage or domain-level performance.

1. Impact of typical development and aging on occupational performance, health, and wellness across the life span
2. Expected patterns, progressions, and prognoses associated with conditions that limit occupational performance
• signs and symptoms of disease
• stages of disease
• secondary complications
3. Impact of body functions and body structures on occupational performance
• cognitive impairments
• congenital anomalies
4. Influence of lived experiences and identity on occupational performance
• history of trauma and adverse childhood events
• socioeconomic status
• gender, race, culture, religion

1. Resources for acquiring information about the clients current condition and occupational performance
• referrals
• client records
• developmental history
• Individualized Education Program (IEP) plans
2. Purpose, advantages, limitations, and service competency needs related to the administration of standardized and nonstandardized exams and screening methods
• criterion-referenced tests
• norm-referenced tests
• client and caregiver interviews
• observation
3. Internal and external factors influencing a clients engagement in occupation
• roles, habits, routines, and rituals
• environmental context
• family and social supports
• medication side effects and interactions
• mental health

1. Task requirements, steps to task completion, and task demands across contexts or settings
2. Personal and environmental factors that facilitate or inhibit task completion or occupational
engagement
• compensation patterns
• role of performance context
• influence of current conditions

1. Roles and responsibilities among interprofessional teams when coordinating client care and
providing services
• referral to and consultation with other services
• interprofessional communication methods
• scope of practice

2. Processes for supporting interprofessional intervention plans
• Individualized Education Program (IEP) plans
• discharge plans
• transition plans
• palliative and hospice care plans

3. Client-centered approaches and considerations for coordinating occupational therapy services
• therapeutic use of self
• advocacy
• frequency/duration of intervention
• level of service delivery

4. Factors used to prioritize intervention goals and activities in collaboration with the client and family, teacher, caregiver, and relevant others
• client-reported outcomes
• level of support required
• context of service delivery
• progress toward goals

5. Strategies for addressing and enhancing health literacy with the client and relevant others
• caregiver training
• teaching-learning models
• methods for making health information accessible
• informed decision-making
• navigating challenges to professional expertise

1. Factors for determining and managing context and activities to meet individual and group intervention goals and objectives
• client needs and priorities
• response to intervention

2. Strategies for monitoring the effectiveness of individual and group intervention
• client-reported outcomes
• reevaluation results
• progress toward goals

3. Clinical decision-making for prioritizing goals and implementing modifications to the intervention plan based on client responses, under the supervision of the OTR
• physiological changes
• behavioral reactions
• emotion regulation
• developmental needs

4. Precautions or contraindications associated with a client condition or stage of recovery
• postsurgical precautions
• vital signs
• laboratory values
• suicidal ideation

1. Considerations for selecting, preparing, and adapting the intervention technique to support optimal engagement and promote goal achievement
• client condition
• client safety
• theoretical approach and frame of reference

2. Considerations for selecting, preparing, and adapting the intervention environment to support optimal engagement and promote goal achievement
• ensuring privacy during telehealth sessions
• equipment safety
• line management

3. Indications, contraindications, and precautions associated with wounds and maintaining skin integrity
• stage of wound healing
• prevention and management of pressure ulcers

4. Indications, contraindications, precautions, and clinical application of superficial thermal agents
• dry whirlpool
• hot packs
• cryotherapy

1. Interventions for supporting leisure and play
2. Methods for grading an activity, task, or technique based on level of development, client status, response to intervention, and client needs
3. Considerations for facilitating individual and group participation in shared activities
• group processes
• group dynamics
• group type and function

4. Interventions to support cognitive, visual-motor, visual, and perceptual processing and sensory arousal
• sensory modulation
• proprioceptive input
• vestibular strategies
• low vision strategies

5. Compensatory and remedial strategies for managing cognitive and perceptual deficits or developmental disabilities
• graded cueing
• chaining
• metacognition
• memory aids

6. Adaptive and preventive strategies for supporting optimal engagement in occupation
• use of technology/apps
• joint protection
• task simplification
• energy conservation

7. Intervention strategies and techniques used to facilitate oral motor skills for drinking, eating, and swallowing
• hand-to-mouth patterns
• mastication
• adaptive utensils
• positioning at mealtime

8. Prevocational, vocational, and transitional services, options, and resources for supporting strengths, interests, employment, and lifestyle goals across the life span
9. Strategies, techniques, and client-centered education to facilitate functional transfers
10.Strategies for promoting wellness and mental health
• relaxation
• sleep hygiene
• addiction management

1. Methods for grading therapeutic exercise and conditioning programs consistent with indications and precautions
2. Techniques for sensory and motor reeducation, pain management, desensitization, edema reduction, and scar management
• manual edema mobilization
• nerve gliding
• neuromuscular reeducation
• constraint-induced movement

3. Techniques for promoting improved postural stability, dynamic balance, body mechanics, and breathing patterns during functional tasks

1. Types and functions of immobilization, mobilization, and restriction orthoses for managing specific conditions and congenital anomalies across the life span
2. Types and functions of prosthetic devices for upper and lower extremity amputations
3. Implications of anatomical, physiological, biomechanical, cognitive, and socioeconomic factors and healing principles for orthotic selection, design, fabrication, and modification
4. Client-centered education and training methods for the safe and effective use of orthotic and prosthetic devices

1. Factors related to measuring, selecting, monitoring the fit of, and recommending modifications to seating systems, positioning devices, and mobility aids
• equipment components
• biomechanical considerations
• usability and maintenance

2. Types, characteristics, and features of high- and low-tech assistive technology and adaptive devices
• interface options and processor parameters
• equipment components
3. Mobility options, vehicle adaptations, and alternative devices for supporting participation in community mobility
• adapted driving controls
• wheelchair tie downs
• alternative transportation options
• dynamic mobile standers
• navigation apps

4. Client factors influencing successful use and maintenance of assistive technology options, adaptive devices, mobility aids, and other durable medical equipment
• developmental, physical, functional, cognitive, and mental health status
• prioritized needs
5. Client-centered education and training methods for successful use and maintenance of assistive technology options, adaptive devices, mobility aids, and other durable medical equipment

1. Principles of ergonomics and universal design for identifying, recommending, and implementing features and reasonable accommodations in the workplace, home, and virtual and public spaces
2. Processes and procedures for identifying, recommending, and implementing modifications in the workplace, home, and virtual and public spaces

1. Methods for locating, reviewing, and interpreting scholarly research to guide practice-relevant decision-making
• applying the Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) model
• identifying best evidence

2. Methods for contributing to continuous quality improvement processes and procedures related to occupational therapy service delivery
• program evaluation
• acquiring information to measure outcomes

3. Types of evidence-based programming for advancing population health outcomes
• aging in place
• fall prevention
• health and wellness
• community support groups

1. Infection control procedures and universal precautions for reducing transmission of contaminants
• PPE
• isolation precautions
• cleaning equipment
2. Responses to adverse reactions, minor injuries, and emergency situations
• minor burns and cuts
• seizures
• diabetic reactions
3. Preventive measures for minimizing risk and promoting safety
• proper body mechanics
• safety data sheet (SDS)
• standard operating procedures
• equipment maintenance
• emergency preparedness
• personal safety in the clients environment
4. Strategies and resources to prevent professional burnout
• exam of personal needs
• self-advocacy regarding workload
• stress management

1. Application of federal regulations, state practice acts, facility policies, and accreditation
guidelines related to service delivery across occupational therapy practice settings
• health care legislation
• accreditation organizations
• licensing and credentialing
2. Influence of reimbursement policies and guidelines on occupational therapy service delivery
3. Accountability processes and procedures for justifying, tracking, and monitoring outcomes
• relevant practice terminology
• documentation guidelines

1. Methods for identifying, documenting, and monitoring service competency and professional development needs
• competency self-assessment
• mentoring
2. Application of ethical decision-making and professional behaviors guided by the NBCOT Practice Standards and Code of Conduct\



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug