Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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NBSTSA-CST MCQs : Download 100% Free NBSTSA-CST test Questions (PDF and VCE)
Exam Number : NBSTSA-CST
Exam Name : Certified Surgical Technologist (CST)
Vendor Name : NBSTSA
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NBSTSA-CST test Format | NBSTSA-CST Course Contents | NBSTSA-CST Course Outline | NBSTSA-CST test Syllabus | NBSTSA-CST test Objectives
The CST examination consists of 175 questions, 150 of which are scored. The 25 pretest items (unscored) are randomly distributed throughout the examination for the purpose of analysis and statistical evaluation. The passing score is the
minimum number of questions that must be answered correctly. Candidates should refer to nbstsa.org for the number of questions which must be answered correctly in order to obtain a passing score. Score reports are provided to all candidates who take the examination
Cardiovascular
--------------
- Acute inflammatory disease
- myocarditis
- endocarditis
- pericarditis
- Coronary artery disease
- Acute coronary syndrome
- Cardiac interventions
- Surgical
- revascularization
- valve replacement
- valve repair
- Non surgical/PCI
- Hybrid procedures
- ablation
- TAVR
- Electrophysiology
- Cardiac arrest
- ACLS protocols
- post care
- targeted temperature management [TTM]
- Cardiac tamponade
- Cardiac trauma
- Cardiomyopathies
- hypertrophic
- dilated
- restrictive
- idiopathic
- Dyslipidemia
- Dysrhythmias
- Heart failure
- Acute
- Chronic
- Hypertension
- Hypertensive urgencies or emergencies
- Congenital heart disease
- Structural heart disease
- Syncope
- Postural orthostatic tachycardic syndrome
- Vascular Conditions
- Arterial
- carotid stenosis
- peripheral artery disease
- acute occlusion
- Venous
- stasis
- venous insufficiency
- Aortic syndromes
- dissection
- aneurysm
- occlusion
- Venous thromboembolism (VTE)
- Vascular interventions
- stents
- bypass
- endarterectomy
- Trauma
- Transplant and mechanical circulatory support
- LVAD
- ECMO
Respiratory
-----------
- Pulmonary embolus
- Pulmonary edema
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
- Respiratory failure
- Air-leak syndromes
- pneumothorax
- Airway obstruction
- angioedema
- mucus plug
- air space-occupying lesions
- Chronic lung disease
- Asthma
- COPD
- Interstitial lung disease
- Sleep apnea
- Pleural effusion
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Pulmonary infectious/inflammatory conditions
- Community-acquired pneumonia
- Empyema
- Hospital-acquired pneumonia
- Ventilator-associated events
- Aspiration
- Pulmonary trauma
- lung contusions
- fractured ribs
- hemothorax
- Pulmonary interventions
- surgical
- stent
- percutaneous
Endocrine
---------
- Adrenal disorders
- Diabetes mellitus
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)/hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)
- Hyperglycemia
- stress-induced
- medication-induced
- Hypoglycemia
- Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
- Diabetes insipidus
- Thyroid disorders
Hematology / Immunology / Oncology
---------------------------------------
- Anemia
- microcytic
- macrocytic
- Autoimmune diseases
- Coagulopathies
- Hypercoagulable states
- cancers
- DIC
- VTE
- Hypocoagulable states
- thrombocytopenia
- iatrogenic/ medication induced
- Hematologic and solid tumors
- Immunosuppression
- post-transplant
- oncologic
- medication-induced
- Myelosuppression
- neutropenia
- pancytopenia
- thrombocytopenia
- Oncologic emergencies
- tumor lysis syndrome
- electrolyte imbalances
- SVC syndrome
- neutropenic fever
- Immunotherapy and chemotherapy side effects
- pneumonitis
- colitis
- myocarditis
Gastrointestinal
----------------
- Abdominal trauma
- Bowel infarction/obstruction/perforation
- Gallbladder disease
- GI infectious disorders
- GI hemorrhage
- GI motility disorders
- constipation
- diarrhea
- ileus
- gastroparesis
- GI surgeries
- Hepatorenal syndrome
- Liver disease
- hepatitis
- hepatic failure
- Acute liver dysfunction
- Cirrhosis
- Pancreatitis
- Erosive/ulcerative conditions
- GERD
- peptic ulcer
- IBD/IBS
Renal / Genitourinary
---------------------
- Acute kidney failure
- Chronic kidney disease
- Contrast-associated nephropathy
- Fluid and electrolyte imbalances
- Infections
- UTI
- PID
- STIs
- Urogenital/renal trauma
Integumentary
-------------
- Exfoliative skin disorders
- StevensJohnson
- toxic epidermal necrolysis [TEN]
- Infectious skin disorders
- necrotizing fasciitis
- cellulitis
- Intravenous infiltration and extravasation
- Pressure injuries
- Wounds (surgical, nonsurgical, traumatic)
Musculoskeletal
---------------
- Gait disturbance
- spastic gait
- ataxic gait
- Infections
- osteomyelitis
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Fractures and dislocations
- traumatic
- pathologic
- osteoporosis
- Amputations
- Osteoporosis/osteopenia
Neurology
---------
- Encephalopathy
- Intracranial hypertension/herniation syndromes
- Hydrocephalus
- Neurologic infectious diseases
- Neuromuscular disorders
- Seizure disorders
- Space-occupying lesions
- Spinal cord injury
- Stroke
- ischemic
- hemorrhagic
- Traumatic brain injury
Musculoskeletal
---------------
- Gait disturbance
- spastic gait
- ataxic gait
- Infections
- osteomyelitis
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Fractures and dislocations
- traumatic
- pathologic
- osteoporosis
- Amputations
- Osteoporosis/osteopenia
Neurology
---------
- Encephalopathy
- Intracranial hypertension/herniation syndromes
- Hydrocephalus
- Neurologic infectious diseases
- Neuromuscular disorders
- Seizure disorders
- Space-occupying lesions
- Spinal cord injury
- Stroke
- ischemic
- hemorrhagic
- Traumatic brain injury
Psychosocial / Behavioral / Cognitive Health
--------------------------------------------
- Agitation
- Anxiety disorders
- PTSD
- OCD
- fears
- phobias
- Delirium
- Dementia
- Mood disorders
- depression
- Post-ICU syndrome
- Sleep disorders
- insomnia
- Suicidal ideation
Factors Influencing Health Status (risk exam, prevention, wellness)
--------------------------
- Factors Influencing Health Status (risk exam, prevention, wellness)
- Advance care planning
- advance directive
- power of attorney
- Prevention and screening
- Primary
- tobacco cessation
- vaccines
- genetic screening
- colon screening
- Secondary
- cardiac rehabilitation
- pulmonary rehabilitation
- Co-morbid risk exam
- procedural risk exam
- Caregiver burden
- Palliative care
- symptom management
- Nutrition
- malnutrition
enteral
parenteral nutrition
- Mobility
- immobility
- debility
- falls
- Medical nonadherence
- Maltreatment
- abuse
- neglect
- self-harm
- Social determinants of health
- access to care
- socioeconomic factors
- health literacy
- Failure to thrive
Multisystem
-----------
- Acid-base disorders
- Compartment syndrome
- Shock
- Distributive shock
- anaphylaxis
- neurogenic
- septic
- Hypovolemic shock
- Cardiogenic shock
- Sepsis
- Fever of unknown origin
- Infectious and communicable diseases
- Morbid obesity
- Multisystem trauma
- Pain Management
- Acute pain
- Chronic pain
- Substance use disorder
- Substance withdrawal
- Burns
- MODS
- Solid organ transplant
- Bone marrow transplant
- Stem cell transplant
- Toxic ingestions/inhalations
- Obstetric/gynecologic conditions
- Critical illness polyneuropathy
- Infiltrative disease
- sarcoidosis
- amyloidosis
- End of life (e.g., transition to comfort care)
- Organ and tissue donation
- Advocacy/Moral Agency
- Caring Practices
- Response to Diversity
- Facilitation of Learning
- Collaboration
- Systems Thinking
- Clinical Inquiry
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug

