Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : NCAC-I
Exam Name : National Certified Addiction Counselor, Level I
Vendor Name : NCC-AP
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NCAC-I test Format | NCAC-I Course Contents | NCAC-I Course Outline | NCAC-I test Syllabus | NCAC-I test Objectives
Total Questions: 150
Scored Questions: 130
Unscored (Pretest) Questions: 20 (used for future test development)
Time Allotted: 3 hours (180 minutes) to complete the exam.
Passing Score: 70% (exact scaled score may vary slightly based on psychometric analysis).
Exam Format: Multiple-choice questions (single best answer).
Administered via computer-based testing (CBT) at Pearson VUE test centers or through online proctoring.
- Orientation to the Treatment Process (14%)
- Assessment (23%)
- Ongoing Treatment Planning and Implementation (25%)
- Addiction Counseling Practices and Skills (21%)
- Professional Practices (17%)
- Orientation to the Treatment Process
- Screening: Determining client eligibility and appropriateness for treatment programs.
- Intake: Collecting comprehensive client information to inform treatment planning.
- Orientation: Educating clients about treatment processes, expectations, and program rules.
- Client Engagement: Building rapport and motivating clients to participate in treatment.
- Initial Case Management: Coordinating referrals and ensuring clients are connected to appropriate services.
- Screening Tools: Standardized instruments (e.g., AUDIT, DAST) used to identify substance use severity.
- Intake Assessment: Comprehensive data collection, including medical, psychological, and social history.
- Orientation Process: Explanation of confidentiality, program rules, and client rights.
- Motivational Interviewing: A counseling approach to enhance client readiness for change.
- Referral: Directing clients to specialized services (e.g., medical detox, mental health support).
- Confidentiality: Legal and ethical standards (e.g., HIPAA, 42 CFR Part 2) protecting client information.
- Assessment
- Clinical Assessment: Gathering data on substance use history, mental health, and psychosocial factors.
- Diagnostic Criteria: Applying diagnostic tools (e.g., DSM-5) for substance use disorders (SUDs).
- Risk Assessment: Evaluating risks such as suicide, self-harm, or relapse potential.
- Co-occurring Disorders: Identifying mental health or medical conditions alongside SUDs.
- Cultural Competence: Assessing clients with sensitivity to cultural, social, and demographic factors.
- DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, for diagnosing SUDs.
- ASAM Criteria: American Society of Addiction Medicine criteria for determining treatment levels.
- Biopsychosocial Assessment: Holistic evaluation of biological, psychological, and social factors.
- Co-occurring Disorders: Simultaneous presence of SUDs and mental health disorders (e.g., depression, PTSD).
- Risk Assessment: Tools like the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS).
- Cultural Competence: Understanding diverse cultural backgrounds to inform exam.
- Standardized Instruments: Tools like the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) or CAGE questionnaire.
- Ongoing Treatment Planning and Implementation
- Treatment Planning: Creating individualized, goal-oriented plans based on test data.
- Evidence-Based Practices: Implementing interventions supported by research.
- Progress Monitoring: Evaluating client progress and adjusting treatment plans as needed.
- Relapse Prevention: Strategies to help clients maintain sobriety and manage triggers.
- Case Management: Coordinating care with other professionals or agencies.
- Individualized Treatment Plan (ITP): A tailored plan outlining client goals and interventions.
- SMART Goals: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound objectives.
- Evidence-Based Practices: Interventions like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Contingency Management.
- Relapse Prevention Plan: Strategies such as coping skills, trigger identification, and support systems.
- Case Management: Coordination of services like housing, medical care, or vocational support.
- Continuum of Care: Levels of treatment (e.g., detox, inpatient, outpatient) based on client needs.
- Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET): A counseling approach to sustain motivation.
- Addiction Counseling Practices and Skills
- Counseling Techniques: Applying therapeutic approaches to address SUDs.
- Individual Counseling: One-on-one sessions to address personal recovery goals.
- Group Counseling: Facilitating group therapy to promote peer support and skill-building.
- Crisis Intervention: Managing acute situations like overdose or suicidal ideation.
- Client Education: Teaching clients about addiction, recovery, and coping strategies.
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): A therapy addressing dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors.
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): A therapy focusing on emotional regulation and mindfulness.
- Motivational Interviewing (MI): A client-centered approach to elicit behavior change.
- Group Dynamics: Processes like cohesion, conflict, or peer support in group therapy.
- Crisis Intervention: Techniques like de-escalation or safety planning.
- Psychoeducation: Educating clients about addictions effects on the brain and body.
- Therapeutic Alliance: The collaborative relationship between counselor and client.
- Professional Practices
- Ethics: Adhering to professional standards and codes of conduct.
- Legal Responsibilities: Understanding laws related to SUD treatment (e.g., confidentiality, mandatory reporting).
- Professional Development: Engaging in continuing education and supervision.
- Documentation: Maintaining accurate and compliant client records.
- Boundary Issues: Managing professional relationships with clients.
- NAADAC Code of Ethics: Guidelines for ethical practice in addiction counseling.
- 42 CFR Part 2: Federal regulation protecting confidentiality of SUD treatment records.
- HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act for client privacy.
- Mandatory Reporting: Legal obligation to report abuse or harm (e.g., child or elder abuse).
- Supervision: Guidance from a qualified professional to enhance counseling skills.
- Documentation: Records like progress notes, treatment plans, or discharge summaries.
- Dual Relationships: Avoiding inappropriate relationships with clients to maintain professionalism.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug
