Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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NCCHC CCHP : Certified Correctional Health Professional (CCHP) test MCQs and Practice Test

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Exam Number : NCCHC-CCHP
Exam Name : Certified Correctional Health Professional (CCHP)
Vendor Name : NCCHC
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Total MCQs : Check Questions

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NCCHC-CCHP test Format | NCCHC-CCHP Course Contents | NCCHC-CCHP Course Outline | NCCHC-CCHP test Syllabus | NCCHC-CCHP test Objectives


QAs Cover the Following subjects of Exam:

I. GOVERNANCE AND ADMINISTRATION
- Access to care
- Responsible health authority
- Medical autonomy
- Administrative meetings and reports
- Policies and procedures
- Continuous quality improvement program
- Privacy of care
- Health records
- Procedure in the event of an inmate death
- Grievance process for health care complaints


II. HEALTH PROMOTION, SAFETY, AND DISEASE PREVENTION (10%-15%)
- Healthy lifestyle promotion
- Infectious disease prevention and control
- Clinical preventive services
- Medical surveillance of inmate workers
- Suicide prevention and intervention
- Contraception
- Communication on patients health needs
- Patient safety
- Staff safety

III. PERSONNEL AND TRAINING (5%-10%)
- Credentials
- Clinical performance enhancement
- Professional development
- Health training for correctional officers
- Medication administration training
- Inmate workers
- Staffing
- Health care liaison
- Orientation for health staff

IV. ANCILLARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES (8%-14%)
- Pharmaceutical operations
- Medication services
- Clinic space, equipment and supplies
- On-site diagnostic services
- Medical diets
- Patient escort
- Emergency services and response plan
- Hospital and specialty care

V. PATIENT CARE AND TREATMENT (15%-20%)
- Information on health services
- Receiving screening
- Transfer screening
- Initial health exam
- Mental health screening and evaluation
- Oral care
- Nonemergency health care requests and services
- Nursing test protocols and procedures
- Continuity, coordination and quality of care
- Discharge planning

VI. SPECIAL NEEDS AND SERVICES (12%-18%)
- Patients with chronic disease and other special needs
- Infirmary-level care
- Mental health services
- Medically supervised withdrawal and treatment
- Counseling and care of the pregnant inmate
- Response to sexual abuse
- Care for the terminally ill

VII. MEDICAL-LEGAL ISSUES (8%-14%)
- Restraint and seclusion
- Segregated inmates
- Emergency psychotropic medication
- Therapeutic relationship, forensic information, and disciplinary actions
- Informed consent and right to refuse
- Medical and other research
- Executions (prisons only)

------------------

- Health Care Delivery in Correctional Settings
- Structure of Correctional Health Care: Understanding the hierarchy and roles within correctional health services, including public vs. private systems.
- Continuity of Care: Strategies for ensuring ongoing care for inmates, including release planning and community resources.
- Access Issues: Barriers to health care access, including transportation, security concerns, and scheduling.

- Legal and Ethical Issues
- Constitutional Rights: Key cases like Estelle v. Gamble that outline inmate rights to health care.
- Informed Consent: Importance of clear communication and ensuring that inmates understand procedures and treatments.
- Confidentiality: HIPAA regulations and their application in correctional settings.

- Clinical Services
- Chronic Disease Management: Protocols for managing diabetes, hypertension, and other chronic conditions in a correctional environment.
- Acute Care: Guidelines for addressing urgent medical issues, including triage protocols.
- Mental Health Services: Integration of psychiatric services within the correctional health care framework.

- Public Health Issues
- Infectious Disease Control: Strategies for managing outbreaks of diseases like tuberculosis, HIV, and hepatitis.
- Health Promotion: Initiatives aimed at educating inmates on healthy lifestyles, including smoking cessation and exercise programs.
- Nutrition: Guidelines for providing balanced meals that meet dietary needs of diverse populations.

- Behavioral Health
- Assessment Tools: Use of standardized exams for mental health and substance abuse disorders.
- Therapeutic Interventions: Evidence-based therapies for treating mental health issues in corrections.
- Crisis Management: Techniques for managing suicidal ideation and self-harm behaviors among inmates.

- Pharmacy and Medication Management
- Medication Administration: Policies for safe dispensing and storage of medications within facilities.
- Psychotropic Medications: Special considerations for managing mental health medications and monitoring effects.
- Withdrawal Protocols: Best practices for managing withdrawal from substances like alcohol and opioids.

- Quality Improvement and Risk Management
- Quality Metrics: Understanding key performance indicators for evaluating health care effectiveness.
- Incident Reporting: Procedures for documenting adverse events and implementing corrective actions.
- Risk Management Strategies: Identifying potential risks and developing plans to mitigate them in a correctional setting.

- Interdisciplinary Teamwork
- Team Roles and Responsibilities: Detailed breakdown of responsibilities among nurses, doctors, mental health professionals, and correctional staff.
- Effective Communication: Techniques for facilitating communication among team members and with inmates.
- Conflict Resolution: Strategies for resolving disputes and misunderstandings within the team.

- Cultural Competence
- Diversity Training: Importance of training staff to understand cultural differences and their impact on health care delivery.
- Health Disparities: Awareness of how socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and other factors affect health outcomes in corrections.
- Tailored Health Programs: Developing health programs that address the specific needs of diverse inmate populations.

- Emergency Preparedness
- Emergency Response Plans: Development of comprehensive plans for medical emergencies, including roles and responsibilities.
- Training and Drills: Importance of regular training for staff on emergency protocols and procedures.
- Coordination with External Services: Collaboration with local health services and emergency responders.

- Documentation and Record Keeping
- Standards for Documentation: Best practices for maintaining accurate and timely medical records.
- Legal Implications: Understanding the legal ramifications of poor documentation practices.
- Technology in Record Keeping: Utilizing electronic health records to streamline documentation processes.

- Regulatory Compliance
- Accreditation Standards: Familiarity with NCCHC and ACA standards for correctional health care facilities.
- Policy Development: Creating policies that comply with federal, state, and local regulations.
- Audit and Review Processes: Understanding the processes for internal and external audits to ensure compliance with standards.



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug