Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Name : NCEES - FE Electrical and Computer
Vendor Name : NCEES
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NCEES-FE-Electrical-and-Computer exam Format | NCEES-FE-Electrical-and-Computer Course Contents | NCEES-FE-Electrical-and-Computer Course Outline | NCEES-FE-Electrical-and-Computer exam Syllabus | NCEES-FE-Electrical-and-Computer exam Objectives

Exam Code: NCEES FE Electrical and Computer
exam Type: CBT
Questions: 110
exam Duration: 6 Hours
- Nondisclosure agreement (2 minutes)
- Tutorial (8 minutes)
- exam (5 hours and 20 minutes)
- Scheduled break (25 minutes)

The Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam is generally your first step in the process to becoming a professional licensed engineer (P.E.). It is designed for recent graduates and students who are close to finishing an undergraduate engineering degree from an EAC/ABET-accredited program. The FE exam is a computer-based exam.

genuine exam Questions pool includes following topics.
- Algebra and Trigonometry
- Complex Numbers
- Discrete Mathematics and Progressions
- Analytic Geometry
- Calculus
- Differential Equations
- Matrix and Vector analysis
- Measures of central tendencies
- Permutation/Combination & Laws of Probability
- Probability Distributions
- Expected values
- Code of Ethics & NCEES Model Law and Rules
- Intellectual Property
- Safety
- Engineering Economics
- Time value of money
- Cost estimation
- Risk Identification and Analysis
- Electrical Properties
- Thermal Properties
- Kirchhoff's Laws - KCL, KVL
- Series / Parallel Equivalent Circuits
- Thevenin and Norton Theorems
- Waveform Analysis
- Phasors
- Impedance
- Frequency / transient response
- Resonance
- Laplace Transform
- Transfer functions
- Sampling
- Analog Filters
- Digital Filters, Z-transforms, Difference Equation
- Continuous Time Convolution
- Discrete Time Convolution
- Semiconductor materials
- Diodes and Thyristors
-Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFETs)
- Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs)
- Operational Amplifiers
- Power Electronics
- Instrumentation
- Power Theory/Single Phase Power
- Transmission and Distribution / 3-Phase Power
- Power Factor
- Voltage Regulation/ Voltage Drop
- Transformers
- Motors & Generators
- Electrostatics
- Magnetostatics
- Electrodynamics - Maxwell's Equations
- Electrodynamics - Wave Propagation
- Transmission Lines
- Block Diagrams/Closed-loop response/Open-loop response
- Bode Plots
- System Stability/Frequency response
- Controller performance
- Communication Theory
- Amplitude Modulation
- Angle Modulation
- Fourier Transforms
- Digital Communications
- Multiplexing
- Routing and Switching
- Network Topologies / Types / Models
- Internet Protocol Addressing: IPv4/IPv6
- Protocols: TCP/UDP/ICMP
- Network Security: Intrusion Detection/Prevention and Encryption
- Number Systems
- Boolean Logic
- Logic gates and circuits
- Logic minimization - K-Maps/SOP/POS
- Sequential Circuits - Flip-Flops and Counters
- Combinational circuits
- Programmable Logic Devices/Gate Array
- State Machine Design
- Timing
- Microprocessor
- Memory Technology and Systems
- Architecture & Interfacing
- Algorithms - Complexity, Big-0
- Algorithms - Sorting, Searching
- Data Structures - Array/Linked List/Stack/Queue
- Data Structures - Tree/Graph
- Software design methods/implementation/testing

-----------------------------

- Algebra and trigonometry
- Complex numbers
- Discrete mathematics
- Analytic geometry
- Calculus
- differential
- integral
- single-variable
- multivariable
- Ordinary differential equations
- Linear algebra
- Vector analysis
- Probability and Statistics
- Measures of central tendencies and dispersions
- mean
- mode
- standard deviation
- Probability distributions
- discrete
- continuous
- normal
- binomial
- conditional probability
- Expected value (weighted average)
- Codes of ethics
- professional and technical societies
- NCEES Model Law and Model Rules
- Intellectual property
- copyright
- trade secrets
- patents
- trademarks
- Safety
- grounding
- material safety data
- PPE
- radiation protection
- Time value of money
- present value
- future value
- annuities
- Cost estimation
- Risk identification
- Analysis
- cost-benefit
- trade-off
- break-even
- Semiconductor materials
- tunneling
- diffusion/drift current
- energy bands
- doping bands
- p-n theory
- Electrical
- conductivity
- resistivity
- permittivity
- magnetic permeability
- noise
- Thermal
- conductivity
- expansion
- Circuit Analysis (DC and AC Steady State)
- KCL
- KVL
- Series/parallel equivalent circuits
- Thevenin and Norton theorems
- Node and loop analysis
- Waveform analysis
- RMS
- average
- frequency
- phase
- wavelength
- Phasors
- Impedance
- Frequency/transient response
- Resonance
- Laplace transforms
- Transfer functions
- Sampling
- aliasing
- Nyquist theorem
- Analog filters
- Digital filters
- difference equations
- Z-transforms
- Models, biasing, and performance of discrete devices
- diodes
- transistors
- thyristors
- Amplifiers
- single-stage/common emitter
- differential
- biasing
- Operational amplifiers
- ideal
- nonideal
- Instrumentation
- measurements
- data acquisition
- transducers
- Power electronics
- rectifiers
- inverters
- converters
- Power theory
- power factor
- single and three phase
- voltage regulation
- Transmission and distribution
- real and reactive losses
- efficiency
- voltage drop
- delta and wye connections
- Transformers
- single-phase and three-phase connections
- reflected impedance
- Motors and generators
- synchronous
- induction
- dc
- Electrostatics/magnetostatics
- spatial relationships
- vector analysis
- Electrodynamics
- Maxwell equations
- wave propagation
- Transmission lines (high frequency)
- Block diagrams
- feedforward
- feedback
- Bode plots
- Closed-loop response, open-loop response, and stability
- Controller performance
- steady-state errors
- settling time
- overshoot
- Basic modulation/demodulation concepts
- AM
- FM
- PCM
- Fourier transforms/Fourier series
- Multiplexing
- time division
- frequency division
- code division
- Digital communications
- Routing and switching
- Network topologies
- mesh
- ring
- star
- Network types
- LAN
- WAN
- internet
- Network models
- OSI
- TCP/IP
- Network intrusion detection and prevention
- firewalls
- endpoint detection
- network detection
- Security
- port scanning
- network vulnerability testing
- web vulnerability testing
- penetration testing
- security triad
- Number systems
- Boolean logic
- Logic gates and circuits
- Logic minimization
- SOP
- POS
- Karnaugh maps
- Flip-flops and counters
- Programmable logic devices and gate arrays
- State machine design
- Timing
- diagrams
- asynchronous inputs
- race conditions and other hazards
- Microprocessors
- Memory technology and systems
- Interfacing
- Algorithms
- sorting
- searching
- complexity
- big-O
- Data structures
- lists
- trees
- vectors
- structures
- arrays
- Software implementation
- iteration
- conditionals
- recursion
- control flow
- scripting
- testing

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
Mehrkosten
Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
Cyber-Erpressung
Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
Ersatz-IT-Hardware
Cyber-Betrug