Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Name : NCEES - PE Civil Engineering: Geotechnical
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NCEES-PE-Civil-Geotechnical exam Format | NCEES-PE-Civil-Geotechnical Course Contents | NCEES-PE-Civil-Geotechnical Course Outline | NCEES-PE-Civil-Geotechnical exam Syllabus | NCEES-PE-Civil-Geotechnical exam Objectives
- Identification, validation, and interpretation of site data and proposed site development data
- aerial photography
- geologic
- topographic maps
- GIS
- geotechnical data
- as-built plans
- planning studies
- reports
- Subsurface exploration planning
- Exploration techniques
- hollow stem auger
- cased boring
- mud rotary
- air rotary
- rock coring
- sonic drilling
- Cone Penetrometer Test
- geophysics
- test pits
- Sampling techniques
- split-barrel sampling
- thin-walled tube sampling
- handling
- storage
- In situ testing
- standard penetration testing
- cone penetration testing
- pressure meter testing
- pore pressure dissipation testing
- dilatometer testing
- dynamic cone penetration
- plate load testing
- field vane shear
- Description and classification of soils
- Burmeister
- Unified Soil Classification System
- AASHTO
- USDA
- visual/manual
- Rock classification and characterization
- recovery
- rock quality designation
- rock mass rating systems
- weathering
- discontinuity
- Groundwater exploration, sampling, and characterization
- Soil Mechanics, Laboratory Testing, and Analysis
- Soil phase relationship and index property
- Chemical
- electrical
- thermal properties
- non-HAZMAT
- Stress in soil mass
- total
- effective
- Stress/strain, strength
- Permeability
- falling head test
- constant head test
- grain-size correlations
- Construction Observation, Monitoring, and Quality Assurance/Quality Control and Safety
- Earthwork
- excavation
- subgrade preparation
- lab and field compaction
- borrow studies
- fill placement
- Trench and construction safety
- Geotechnical instrumentation
- inclinometer
- settlement plates
- piezometer
- vibration monitoring
- Temporary and permanent soil erosion and scour protection measures
- Earthquake Engineering and Dynamic Loads
- Seismic site characterization
- Seismic analyses and design
- liquefaction
- pseudo static
- earthquake loads
- Earth Structures, Ground Improvement, and Pavement
- Ground improvement
- grouting
- soil mixing
- preconsolidation/wick drains
- lightweight materials
- lime/cement stabilization
- rigid inclusions
- aggregate piers
- Geosynthetic applications
- separation
- strength
- filtration
- drainage
- reinforced soil slopes
- internal stability of MSE
- Slope stability evaluation and slope stabilization
- Embankments, earth dams, and levees
- stress
- settlement
- Landfills and caps
- interface stability
- settlements
- lining systems
- Pavement and slab-on-grade design
- rigid
- flexible
- porous
- unpaved
- Utility design and construction
- Groundwater and Seepage
- Dewatering, seepage analysis, groundwater flow, and impact on nearby structures
- Drainage design/infiltration and seepage control
- Problematic Soil and Rock Conditions
- Karst, collapsible, expansive, peat, organic, and sensitive soils
- Reactive/corrosive soils
- identification
- protective measures
- Frost susceptibility
- Rock slopes and rockfalls
- Retaining Structures (ASD or LRFD)
- Lateral earth pressure and load distribution
- Rigid retaining wall analysis
- CIP
- gravity
- external stability of MSE
- soil nail
- crib
- bin
- Cantilevered, anchored, and braced retaining wall analysis
- soldier pile and lagging
- sheet pile
- secant pile
- tangent pile
- diaphragm walls
- temporary support of excavation
- beams and column elements
- Cofferdams
- Underpinning methods and effects on adjacent infrastructure
- Ground anchors
- tie-backs
- soil nails
- rock anchors
- design and quality control
- Shallow Foundations (ASD or LRFD)
- Bearing capacity
- Settlement, including induced stress distribution
- Deep Foundations (ASD or LRFD)
- Geotechnical and structural capacity and settlement of deep foundations
- driven pile
- drilled shaft
- micropile
- helical screw piles
- auger cast
- piles
- beam/column
- Lateral capacity and deformation of deep foundations
- Installation methods
- Static and dynamic load testing
- Integrity testing methods
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug