Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : NCIDQ-IDFX
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NCIDQ-IDFX exam Format | NCIDQ-IDFX Course Contents | NCIDQ-IDFX Course Outline | NCIDQ-IDFX exam Syllabus | NCIDQ-IDFX exam Objectives
Exam Code: IDFX
Exam Name: NCIDQ Interior Design Fundamentals Exam
Scored Questions: 100 scored questions
Unscored Questions: 10 pretest questions
Total Question: 110 questions
Time Allotted: 2 hours and 30 minutes (150 minutes)
Passing Score: Scaled score of 500 (out of 800)
Exam Format: Computer-based
Exam Type: Multiple-choice questions
I. Programming and Site Analysis 10%
- Demonstrate appropriate use of:
- analysis tools (e.g., spreadsheets, site photographs, matrices, bubble diagrams, graphs, behavioral based analytics)
- Demonstrate understanding of:
- research methods (e.g., observations, interviewing, surveying, case studies, benchmarking, precedent studies)
- the site context (e.g., location, views, solar orientation, zoning, historical information, constraints, change of use, transportation)
II. Relationship between Human Behavior and the Designed Environment 10%
- Demonstrate understanding of:
- human factors (e.g., ergonomics, anthropometrics, proxemics, psychological, physiological, social)
- universal design (e.g., accessibility, ability level, inclusivity, special needs, aging population, bariatric, pediatric)
- contextual influences (e.g., environmental and ecological, social, cultural, aesthetic, hierarchy of needs)
- Demonstrate knowledge of:
- sensory considerations (e.g., acoustics, lighting, visual stimuli, color response, scent, tactile, thermal comfort)
III. Design Communication Techniques 10%
- Ability to apply:
- data and research (e.g., charts, infographics, analytics)
- conceptual diagrams (e.g., parti diagrams, bubble diagrams, adjacency matrices)
- planning diagrams (e.g., stacking/zoning diagrams, block plans/square footage allocations)
IV. Life Safety and Universal Design 20%
- Demonstrate understanding of:
- life safety (e.g., egress, fire separation, fire-rated partitions and doors, and A/V alarms location coordination)
- universal design (e.g., inclusive design, accessible design)
V. Interior Building Materials and Finishes 10%
- Demonstrate understanding of:
- textiles (e.g., types, testing standards and codes, applications, installation methods, estimating, technical specifications)
- floor coverings (e.g., types, transitions, testing standards and codes, applications, installation methods, estimating, slip resistance, technical specifications)
- wall treatments (e.g., types, testing standards and codes, applications, installation methods, estimating, technical specifications)
- window treatments (e.g., types, testing standards and codes, applications, installation methods, estimating, technical specifications)
- ceiling treatments (e.g., types, testing standards and codes, applications, installation methods, estimating, technical specifications)
- acoustical products (e.g., types, testing standards and codes, applications, installation methods, estimating, technical specifications)
- wayfinding and signage (e.g., types, testing standards and codes, applications, installation methods, estimating, technical specifications)
VI. Technical Specifications for Furniture, Fixtures, & Equipment and Lighting 15%
- Demonstrate understanding of:
- life safety elements (e.g., flammability, toxicity, slip resistance, accessibility and egress clearances, fixed and loose furniture, indoor air quality, code compliance)
- sustainability and environmental impact (e.g., recyclability, cradle to cradle, embodied energy, carbon footprint, material sourcing, ratings and certifications)
- materials and technical specifications (e.g., color fastness, abrasion resistance, cleanability, reference standards, ANSI/BIFMA)
- light fixture selection and specification (e.g., general, accent and task lighting; color temperature, color rendering, lamp types, energy load)
VII. Construction Drawings, Schedules, and Specifications 20%
- Demonstrate understanding of:
- code required information (e.g., egress, accessibility, specialty codes, fire/life safety, occupancy, plumbing calculations)
- appropriate measuring conventions (e.g., scale, unit of measure, dimensioning)
- construction drawing standards (e.g., annotations, hatch patterns, line types, symbols, north arrow, section cuts, cross referencing)
- Understand and develop:
- general information sheets (e.g., general conditions and notes, drawing index, legend, symbols, location, consultant, contact information)
- demolition plans
- floor plans (e.g., partition plan, construction plan, dimension plan)
- reflected ceiling and/or lighting plans (e.g., supplies, returns, ceiling types, heights, monitoring and detection devices, switching, controls)
- furniture plans
- finish plans
- elevations, sections, and details (e.g., partition types, enlarged plans, custom details and assemblies)
- power, data, and communication plans
- schedules (e.g., finish, equipment, plumbing, lighting, door, window, hardware, accessories)
- millwork (e.g., construction techniques, coordination with Furniture, Fixtures, & Equipment, and utilities, substrates, shop drawings, material selection, accessibility)
VIII. Professional Development and Ethics 5%
- Demonstrate understanding of:
- professional ethics (e.g., code of ethics, consumer protection, health, safety, welfare, social responsibility)
- professional development (e.g., professional organizations, continuing education)
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug