Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : NICCL
Exam Name : National-Interstate Council Cosmetology Licensing Exam
Vendor Name : NIC
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NICCL test Format | NICCL Course Contents | NICCL Course Outline | NICCL test Syllabus | NICCL test Objectives
NIC NICCL National-Interstate Council Cosmetology Licensing Exam
DOMAIN 1: SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS (35%)
Scientific Concepts - Infection Control and Safety Practices
- Identify cause/transmission of diseases and infections
- Identify the purpose and differentiate among the categories of infection control
- Sanitation
- Disinfection
- Sterilization
- Recognize how cross-contamination occurs and how it can be prevented (e.g., single use and multi-use items)
- Apply blood exposure procedures
- Identify requirements of government agencies
- OSHA
- EPA
Scientific Concepts - Human Anatomy and Physiology
- Identify structure and functions of the:
- Hair and scalp
- Skin
- Nails
- Recognize signs and symptoms of conditions, disorders, and diseases related to:
- Hair and scalp
- Skin
- Nails
- Identify muscles and joints and their functions related to:
- Head and face
- Arms and hands
- Legs and feet
- Identify functions of:
- Nervous system
- Circulatory system
Scientific Concepts - Basic Chemistry used in Cosmetology
- Recognize purpose and effects of ingredients
- Recognize interactions between chemicals
- Recognize chemical reactions (e.g., overexposure, chemical burn)
- Recognize the values of the pH scale
DOMAIN 2: HAIR CARE AND SERVICES (45%)
Hair Care and Services - Client Consultation, Analysis and Documentation
- Evaluate condition of clients hair and scalp
- Recognize conditions that would prohibit service (i.e., contraindications)
- Utilize preliminary tests (e.g., predisposition and strand tests)
- Recommend services or products based on client needs
- Establish/Maintain client records (e.g., service history, client card, medical history)
Hair Care and Services - Tools used in Hair Care Services
- Identify purpose, function, and infection control procedures of items
- Equipment (e.g., chair, workstation)
- Implements (e.g., razors, shears, combs/brushes)
- Supplies and materials (e.g., towels, drapes, neck strips)
- Electrical tools (e.g. irons, blow dryers, clippers)
- Demonstrate safe practices
- Tools/Implements
- Ergonomics
Hair Care and Services - Hair Care Principles and Procedures
- Demonstrate shampooing and conditioning
- Demonstrate scalp treatments and scalp massage
- Demonstrate draping (e.g. chemical, shampoo, cutting, styling)
- Recognize differences in Hair Care principles and procedures based on various hair types and textures
Hair Care and Services - Hair Design Principles and Procedures
- Demonstrate hair cutting and shaping
- Demonstrate hair styling:
- Wet styling
- Thermal styling
- Natural hair styling (e.g., braiding)
- Apply, maintain, and remove hair enhancements:
- Wigs and hairpieces
- Hair additions (i.e., taping, bonding, fusion, linking)
- Apply principles of balance and design (e.g. facial shape, physical structure)
- Recognize differences in Hair Design principles and procedures based on various hair types and textures
Hair Care and Services - Chemical Services Principles and Procedures
- Perform hair color services (e.g., virgin, retouch, lightening, foiling, balayage, color formulation, color correction)
- Perform chemical hair relaxer/restructurizer and curl reduction (e.g., hydroxide, thio, keratin) service
- Perform chemical waving/texturizing (e.g., alkaline, acid, non-thio) services
- Understand the chemical products used for the various hair texture types
DOMAIN 3: SKIN CARE AND SERVICES (10%)
Skin Care and Services - Client Consultation, Analysis, and Documentation
- Evaluate the clients skin:
- Skin type
- Skin condition
- Recognize conditions that would prohibit service (i.e., contraindications)
- Recommend services or products based on client needs
- Establish/Maintain client records (e.g., service history, client card, medical history)
Skin Care and Services - Tools used for Skin Care Services
- Identify purpose, function, and infection control procedures of items:
- Equipment (e.g., chair, steamer)
- Implements (e.g., tweezers, brushes, extractors)
- Supplies, products, and materials (e.g., creams, masks, towels, wax, head coverings)
- Demonstrate safe practices
- Tools/implements
- Ergonomics
Skin Care and Services - Skin Care Principles and Procedures
- Apply knowledge of a basic facial
- Apply knowledge of hair removal
- Apply knowledge of makeup application
- Apply knowledge of electrical equipment
DOMAIN 4: NAIL CARE AND SERVICES (10%)
Nail Care and Services - Client Consultation, Analysis and Documentation
- Evaluate condition of clients nails
- Recognize conditions that would prohibit service (i.e., contraindications)
- Recommend services or products based on client needs
- Establish/Maintain client records (e.g., service history, client card, medical history)
Nail Care and Services - Tools used in Nail Care Services
- Identify purpose, function, and infection control procedures of items:
- Equipment (e.g., workstation, pedicure basin)
- Implements (e.g., nippers, file)
- Supplies, products, and materials (e.g., towels, creams, polish)
- Demonstrate safe practices
- Tools/implements
- Ergonomics
Nail Care and Services - Nail Service Principles and Procedures
- Apply knowledge of a basic manicure and pedicure
- Apply, maintain, and remove nail enhancements
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug
