Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : NREMT-PTE
Exam Name : NREMT Paramedic Trauma Exam
Vendor Name : Medical
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NREMT-PTE test Format | NREMT-PTE Course Contents | NREMT-PTE Course Outline | NREMT-PTE test Syllabus | NREMT-PTE test Objectives
Exam Name: National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians (NREMT) Paramedic Trauma Exam
Vendor: National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians (NREMT)
Exam Duration: 2 hours 30 minutes
Number of Questions: 80-150 (adaptive format)
Passing Score: Determined by adaptive scoring; no fixed percentage
Language: English
Exam Delivery: Computer-based testing at Pearson VUE testing centers
- Trauma Overview (10-15% of Exam)
- Mechanism of Injury (MOI): Understanding how trauma occurs (e.g., blunt vs. penetrating trauma).
- Kinematics of Trauma: Analyzing forces involved in trauma (e.g., motor vehicle collisions, falls).
- Trauma Triage: Prioritizing patients based on injury severity (e.g., START triage).
- Golden Hour: The critical first hour after a traumatic injury.
- Trauma Systems and Centers: Role of trauma centers and regional systems.
- Hemorrhage Control and Shock Management (20-25% of Exam)
- Types of Shock:
- Hypovolemic (e.g., blood loss)
- Cardiogenic (e.g., heart failure)
- Distributive (e.g., septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic)
- Obstructive (e.g., tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade)
- Hemorrhage Control:
- Direct pressure, tourniquets, hemostatic agents
- Fluid Resuscitation:
- Crystalloids (e.g., normal saline, lactated Ringer's)
- Blood products (e.g., packed red blood cells)
- Signs and Symptoms of Shock:
- Tachycardia, hypotension, altered mental status, cool/clammy skin
- Thoracic Trauma (15-20% of Exam)
- Pneumothorax:
- Simple vs. tension pneumothorax
- Needle decompression and chest tube management
- Hemothorax: Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity.
- Flail Chest: Paradoxical chest wall movement due to rib fractures.
- Cardiac Tamponade: Fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac (e.g., Beck's triad).
- Rib Fractures and Pulmonary Contusion: Complications and management.
- Abdominal and Genitourinary Trauma (10-15% of Exam)
- Solid Organ Injuries: Liver, spleen, and kidney injuries.
- Hollow Organ Injuries: Stomach, intestines, and bladder injuries.
- Pelvic Fractures: Associated hemorrhage and stabilization.
- Genitourinary Trauma: Kidney, bladder, and urethral injuries.
- Abdominal Evisceration: Management of protruding organs.
- Head, Facial, and Spinal Trauma (15-20% of Exam)
- Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI):
- Concussion, contusion, intracranial hemorrhage (e.g., epidural, subdural)
- Signs of increased intracranial pressure (e.g., Cushing's triad)
- Facial Trauma:
- Airway management in facial fractures
- Nasal and orbital injuries
- Spinal Trauma:
- Spinal immobilization techniques
- Cervical spine injury test (e.g., NEXUS criteria)
- Penetrating Head Injuries: Management and complications.
- Musculoskeletal Trauma (10-15% of Exam)
- Fractures:
- Open vs. closed fractures
- Reduction and splinting techniques
- Dislocations: Shoulder, hip, and knee dislocations.
- Compartment Syndrome: Signs, symptoms, and management.
- Crush Injuries: Systemic effects (e.g., rhabdomyolysis).
- Burn Trauma (5-10% of Exam)
- Burn Classification:
- Superficial, partial-thickness, full-thickness burns
- Rule of Nines: Estimating burn surface area.
- Inhalation Injuries: Carbon monoxide poisoning, airway burns.
- Fluid Resuscitation: Parkland formula for burn management.
- Electrical and Chemical Burns: Specific management considerations.
- Special Considerations in Trauma (5-10% of Exam)
- Pediatric Trauma: Unique anatomical and physiological considerations.
- Geriatric Trauma: Increased risk of complications in older adults.
- Pregnancy Trauma: Managing trauma in pregnant patients.
- Environmental Trauma: Hypothermia, hyperthermia, and drowning.
- Golden Hour: The critical first hour after a traumatic injury.
- Cushing's Triad: Bradycardia, hypertension, and irregular respirations (signs of increased intracranial pressure).
- Beck's Triad: Hypotension, jugular venous distension, and muffled heart sounds (signs of cardiac tamponade).
- Tension Pneumothorax: Life-threatening condition requiring immediate needle decompression.
- Rhabdomyolysis: Breakdown of muscle tissue releasing toxic substances into the bloodstream.
- Parkland Formula: 4 mL x body weight (kg) x % total body surface area (TBSA) burned = fluid requirement in the first 24 hours.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug