Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Network-Appliance NS0-184 : NetApp Certified Storage Installation Engineer, ONTAP ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS

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Exam Number : NS0-184
Exam Name : NetApp Certified Storage Installation Engineer, ONTAP
Vendor Name : Network-Appliance
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NS0-184 test Format | NS0-184 Course Contents | NS0-184 Course Outline | NS0-184 test Syllabus | NS0-184 test Objectives


Title: NetApp Certified Storage Installation Engineer, ONTAP (NS0-184)

Test Detail:
The NetApp Certified Storage Installation Engineer, ONTAP (NS0-184) certification is offered by Network Appliance (NetApp) and validates the knowledge and skills required to install, configure, and implement NetApp storage solutions using the ONTAP operating system. The certification focuses on the installation and initial setup of NetApp storage systems and demonstrates expertise in storage installation and implementation.

Course Outline:
The NS0-184 certification program covers a comprehensive range of Topics related to NetApp storage installation and configuration. The course provides participants with a deep understanding of NetApp ONTAP storage systems and best practices. The following is a general outline of the key areas covered in the certification program:

1. Introduction to NetApp Storage:
- Overview of NetApp storage solutions
- NetApp hardware platforms and models
- Introduction to ONTAP operating system
- NetApp storage architecture and components
- NetApp licensing and software options

2. Installation Planning and Pre-Installation Tasks:
- Preparing for a NetApp storage installation
- Site requirements and environmental considerations
- Hardware and software compatibility checks
- Planning storage layout and configurations
- Configuring networking and connectivity

3. Installation and Configuration of NetApp Storage Systems:
- Installing NetApp storage hardware components
- Initializing storage systems and disks
- Configuring network interfaces and protocols
- Configuring storage aggregates and volumes
- Configuring storage features and services

4. ONTAP Administration and Management:
- ONTAP system management tools and interfaces
- User and role management in ONTAP
- Configuring storage efficiency features (deduplication, compression)
- Monitoring and troubleshooting storage systems
- Backup and recovery strategies in ONTAP

Exam Objectives:
The NS0-184 certification test assesses candidates' understanding of NetApp storage installation and configuration concepts, processes, and best practices. The test objectives include, but are not limited to:

1. Demonstrating knowledge of NetApp storage hardware platforms and models.
2. Planning and preparing for a NetApp storage installation.
3. Installing and configuring NetApp storage systems using ONTAP.
4. Configuring storage features and services in ONTAP.
5. Managing and administering NetApp storage systems using ONTAP.
6. Monitoring and troubleshooting NetApp storage systems.
7. Implementing backup and recovery strategies in ONTAP.

Syllabus:
The NS0-184 certification program typically includes instructor-led training or self-paced online learning modules. The syllabus provides a breakdown of the Topics covered throughout the course, including specific learning objectives and milestones. The syllabus may include the following components:

- Introduction to NetApp Storage
- Installation Planning and Pre-Installation Tasks
- Installation and Configuration of NetApp Storage Systems
- ONTAP Administration and Management
- Storage Efficiency Features in ONTAP
- Monitoring and Troubleshooting
- Backup and Recovery Strategies
- test Preparation and Practice Tests
- Final NetApp Certified Storage Installation Engineer, ONTAP (NS0-184) Exam



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Network-Appliance Installation test

 

How to Install and Test a Plain Bearing

There are three important factors for proper bearing installation. First, you should use an arbor press to press-fit the bearings. This is the most efficient installation method and will preserve the integrity of the bearing. For example, if you use a hammer, the installation of the bearing might be uneven.

Next, ensure your bearing housing has a chamfer-plastic bearing manufacturer, igus, recommends 25-30 degrees for its bearings-and that it is press-fit with the outside chamfer of the bearing against the housing chamfer (for flange bearings, the sleeve portion will have this).

Then, ensure your ID-after-press-fit matches your supplier's recommended tolerances for the bearing. All measurement testing should be conducted after the bearing is press-fit into the housing. Prior to press-fitting, the bearing is oversized and may not conform to the listed specifications.

Conducting quality checks on the bearings after installation can be done many ways. One way is to use a pin-gauge test, also called a "go/no-go" test after press-fitting the bearing into the smallest specified housing-bore dimension. This will make sure the bearings are within specifications and will work properly once in service. Specifically, a "go" signifies the pin falling through the bearing under its own weight, while a "no-go" occurs when the pin does not fall through the bearing, or "sticks".

A pin-gauge test is the most accurate quality check because the pin acts like the shaft used in a real-world application and it reveals the inner diameter of the bearing at the smallest points, which is most critical to the application.

When using a plastic bearing, a pin-gauge test works especially well because the peaks and valleys of the bearing are irrelevant as long as the recommended shafts are able to pass through the bearing. Over time, as the bearing's self-made lubrication fills in the peaks and valleys of the shaft and the bearing, an ideal sliding surface is achieved.

While there are other tests that can be used to quality-check a bearing, problems can arise when applying these methods to plastic bearings. In particular, the use of a caliper should be avoided. Calipers, depending on the level of accuracy, are generally acceptable for only hurried quality checks. However, depending on the amount of pressure applied by the caliper or the location of the measurement, it is possible the numbers will not read correctly. It is more reliable to use a pin-gauge test to avoid unforeseen problems.

Post-installation IssuesA common post-installation problem is the bearing showing signs of material shave-off at installation. If this occurs, check to make sure the housing has the recommended chamfer of 25-30 degrees. If using a sleeve bearing (which typically has only one end with an outside chamfer), match up the bearing's outside chamfer with the housing-bore chamfer. If using a flange bearing, the sleeve portion (installed) has the outside chamfer already. In both instances, also check the housing bore to ensure it is not undersized.

Another problem that can occur is when the bearing is press-fit into the housing bore is that the ID after-press-fit is smaller or larger than the recommended tolerances. If this problem arises, the following points need to be assessed:

  • Confirm that the housing bore matches the recommended tolerances (generally an H7 housing bore).
  • If the housing bore is comprised of a softer metal, like aluminum or plastic rather than steel, it is possible that the bearing is pushing into the housing bore. To compensate, try using a thicker-walled housing.
  • Check your shaft tolerances to confirm that your pin gauges determined during the QC process are accurate.
  • If the ID of the bearing is undersized, make sure shavings are not in between the bearing and the housing.
  • Tom Miller is Bearings Unit Manager, North America for igus Inc. He can be reached at [email protected]

    Tekken 8: Closed Network Test Preview

    No result found, try new keyword!And after my time with the first weekend of Tekken 8’s Closed Network Test, it seems primed to bring the Heat to a new generation, despite a few hiccups that can hopefully be attributed to ...

    Tekken 8 Roster Reportedly Leaks Through Network Test

    Fighting games are incredibly prone to leaks, as the demand to know who will be in a given installment is rather high. It seems like the Tekken 8 leaks are continuing that tradition since at least part of the roster appears to have prematurely made its way online.

    As noted by Video Games Chronicle, the roster was datamined via Cheat Engine out of the exact Tekken 8 network test, which then spread to various Discord servers and Reddit threads. These characters include:

  • Paul Phoenix
  • Marshall Law
  • King
  • Hwoarang
  • Ling Xiaoyu
  • Jin Kazama
  • Bryan Fury
  • Lili
  • Lars Alexandersson
  • Claudio Serafino
  • Nina Williams
  • Leroy Smith
  • Kazuya Mishima
  • Jack-8
  • Asuka Kazama
  • Jun Kazama
  • Yoshimitsu
  • Shaheen
  • Raven (Default Type A)
  • Zafina (Default Type A)
  • Steve (Default Type A)
  • Alisa (Default Type A)
  • Many of these fighters have already been revealed, as noted by the bolded names. The last six will likely be announced sometime in the future. One might even show up at Evo, which starts on August 3. It’s also possible that this list doesn’t show the full picture since there may be even more characters that weren’t in the files.

    Yoshimitsu is a series staple that has shown in various forms since the first Tekken game. Shaheen, Raven, Steve, Zafina, and Alisa are relatively new when compared to Yoshimitsu, but have all been other Tekken titles before. If this list is accurate, it means that Tekken 8 might not have any completely new fighters in its base roster.

    It’s still unknown when this will all be confirmed since, despite the many official reveals and exact test, Tekken 8 still has no release date.


     


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    Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

    Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

    Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

    Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

    Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

    Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

    Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

    Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

    Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

    Höhere Gewalt

    Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

    Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

    Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

    Technisches Versagen

    Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

    Kriminelle Ursachen

    Hackerangriffe

    Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

    Physischer Angriff

    Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

    Erpressung

    Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

    Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

    Cyber-Kosten:

    • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
    • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
    • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
    • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

    Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

    • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
    • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
    • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
    • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
    • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
    • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
    • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

    Cyber-Eigenschäden:

    • Betriebsunterbrechung
    • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
    • Mehrkosten
    • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
    • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
    • Cyber-Erpressung
    • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
    • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
    • Cyber-Betrug