Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : OMS
Exam Name : Ostomy Management Specialist
Vendor Name : NAWCO
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OMS exam Format | OMS Course Contents | OMS Course Outline | OMS exam Syllabus | OMS exam Objectives
- Anatomy/Physiology
- Gastrointestinal (GI) system
- Genitourinary (GU) system
- Principles of Wound Healing
- Partial-Full Thickness healing
- Types wound closure
- Moist wound healing
- Systemic factors that influence healing
- Treatment and management of conditions/etiologies/indications for Fecal or Urinary Diversion Surgery
- Bowel obstruction
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Ulcerative colitis- Crohns disease-
- Gastrointestinal cancers
- acute diverticulitis
- Bladder cancer
- Interstitial cystitis
- Neurogenic bladder
- Refractory radiation cystitis
- Pediatric conditions
- Hirschsprungs disease
- Imperforate anus
- Necrotizing enterocolitis
- Malrotation with midgut volvulus
- Meconium ileus
- Intussusceptions
- Cloacal exstrophy
- Intestinal atresias
- Intestinal pseudoobstruction
- Intestinal transplant
- Assessment- treatment and management of:
- Gastrointestinal Ostomies
- Colostomy
- Ascending colostomy
- Cecostomy
- Transverse colostomy
- Descending colostomy
- Ileostomy
- Brooke ileostomy
- Gastrointestinal continent diversions
- Kock pouch
- Ileoanal reservoir
- Continent colostomy
- Urinary ostomies
- Urostomy
- Ileal conduit
- Colon conduit
- Uretero-sigmoidostomy
- Jejunum conduit
- Incontinent urinary diversions Ureterostomy- Vesicostomy
- Continent urinary diversions
- Indiana pouch
- Mitrofanoff continent urinary diversion
- Neo- bladder
- Fistulas
- Patient Education
- Pre-operative teaching and counseling:
- anatomy and physiology of the GI or GU system
- procedure
- appearance of the stoma
- appliances
- equipment
- modification and alterations of lifestyle after surgery
- Teaching plan specific patient needs and concerns:
- age
- self care ability
- presurgical life style
- barriers to learning
- patients support system
- dietary habits
- physical habits
- financial resources
- receptiveness to education
- social and coping skills
- psychosocial development
- environmental challenges
- Post-operative teaching and counseling:
- Apply- manipulate- empty- and remove pouching system
- stoma care
- bathing
- clothing
- activity restrictions
- medication influence
- dietary considerations
- peristomal skin care
- complications to report
- sexual counseling
- colostomy irrigation and discharge resources
- Assessment and management Peristomal complications:
- Peristomal hernia
- Peristomal fistula
- Peristomal candidiasis
- Folliculitis
- Pseudoverrucous lesions
- pyoderma gangrenosum
- Suture granulomas
- Irritant contact dermatitis
- allergic contact dermatitis
- skin trauma
- Psoriasis and Alkaline encrustations
- Carcinoma of the peristomal skin- Pemphigus
- Assessment and management of stoma and stomal complications:
- Categories- types- clinical characteristics
- Peristomal hernia
- stoma prolapse
- stoma necrosis
- stoma stenosis
- stoma retraction
- mucocutaneous separation
- stomal varices
- stoma fistula
- stoma trauma
- Assessment- management- and modifications for appliances and pouching products including:
- One- piece or two-piece systems
- Systems for fecal or urinary diversions
- Flexible or rigid skin barriers
- Flat or convex skin barriers- and pouching accessories
- Psychosocial Effects of Fecal and Urinary Diversion Surgery:
- Phases of adjustment- quality of life- self esteem- body image
- Relationships- spiritual- cultural- and ethnic considerations
- Health care professionals role and responsibilities
- Procedures and techniques:
- Containment of stoma effluent
- Colostomy irrigation
- Catheterization of an ileal conduit
- Food blockage
- ileostomy lavage
- medication administration drug absorption
- Pouching fistulas
- Stoma site marking
- Tube management:
- nasogastric tubes
- nephrostomy tubes
- long intestinal tubes
- biliary tubes
- tracheostomy tubes
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug
