Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : PB0-200
Exam Name : APC NCPI Design
Vendor Name : APC
Update : Click Here to Check Latest Update
Question Bank : Check Questions

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PB0-200 exam Format | PB0-200 Course Contents | PB0-200 Course Outline | PB0-200 exam Syllabus | PB0-200 exam Objectives

Exam Detail:
The PB0-200 (APC NCPI Design) exam is a certification exam that focuses on assessing the knowledge and skills of individuals in designing APC (Advanced Process Control) solutions. Here is a detailed overview of the exam, including the number of questions and time, course outline, exam objectives, and exam syllabus.

Number of Questions and Time:
The exact number of questions in the PB0-200 exam may vary, but it typically consists of around 60 to 80 questions. The duration of the exam is usually 90 minutes, allowing candidates sufficient time to answer the questions.

Course Outline:
The PB0-200 certification course covers various syllabus related to APC design. The course outline may include the following components:

1. Introduction to APC:
- Overview of Advanced Process Control (APC)
- Benefits and applications of APC
- APC design considerations and challenges

2. Process Modeling and Identification:
- Principles of process modeling and identification
- Data collection and analysis for model development
- Techniques for model validation and refinement

3. Control Strategy Design:
- Control system architecture and design considerations
- Selection of control algorithms and techniques
- Designing robust and adaptive control strategies

4. APC Implementation:
- APC hardware and software components
- Configuration and tuning of APC systems
- Integration of APC with existing control systems

5. Performance Monitoring and Optimization:
- Performance metrics and monitoring techniques
- Diagnosis and troubleshooting of APC systems
- Continuous improvement and optimization of APC performance

Exam Objectives:
The objectives of the PB0-200 exam are to evaluate the candidate's knowledge and understanding in the following areas:

- Principles and concepts of Advanced Process Control (APC)
- Process modeling and identification techniques
- Designing control strategies for APC systems
- Implementation and configuration of APC systems
- Performance monitoring and optimization of APC systems

Exam Syllabus:
The PB0-200 exam syllabus covers the following topics:

1. Introduction to APC
2. Process Modeling and Identification
3. Control Strategy Design
4. APC Implementation
5. Performance Monitoring and Optimization

Candidates are expected to have a strong understanding of these syllabus and their practical application in designing APC solutions. The exam assesses their ability to develop process models, design control strategies, implement APC systems, and optimize their performance.


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APC NCPI exam dumps

 

Placement Exams and Assessments

Required for All McCormick Students
  • Department of Mathematics math placement exam (see below)
  • Department of Chemistry initial chemistry exam (see below)
  • Department of Chemistry placement exam—required only for students planning to take CHEM 171, 215, or 217 (see below)
  • Other Assessments and Exams: See below for details about exams and exams offered in areas such as language or biology. Depending on your course objectives, you may opt to take one or more of these tests in preparation for the fall.

    • See McCormick's webpage for more information.

    Required for Students Planning to Take Chemistry How do you know if you need to take a Chemistry course at Northwestern? Review the June Purple Prep email for your school for a helpful breakdown.
  • Department of Chemistry initial chemistry exam
  • Required for all non-McCormick students planning to take any chemistry class in 2023-24 and all McCormick students, whether or not they have earned credit via AP or IB examination.
  • Department of Chemistry placement exam

    • Find information about accessing these in the Exams and Assessments section below.

    Optional for Students Planning to Take Biology

    How do you know if you need to take a Biology course at Northwestern? Review the June Purple Prep email for your school for a helpful breakdown.

  • Biology Placement Exam
  • This optional exam is recommended for students with a strong background in biology who think they could be ready for BIOL_SCI 202 Cell Biology.
    • Find information about accessing this in the Exams and Assessments section below. Required for Student Planning to Take Calculus How do you know if you need to take a Calculus course at Northwestern? Review the June Purple Prep email for your school for a helpful breakdown.
  • Department of Mathematics math placement exam
  • Required for any non-McCormick student planning to take a calculus course at Northwestern and for all McCormick students, whether or not they have earned credit via AP or IB examination. 
    • Find information about accessing this in the Exams and Assessments section below. Required for Students Planning to Continue Studies in Languages Other Than English or to Verify Language Proficiency

    Regardless of your undergraduate school, if you have previously studied a language other than English, you are encouraged to visit the Weinberg College website (below) to learn more about languages offered at Northwestern, language placement exams, and AP exam score applicability. If you have not previously studied the language you intend to take at Northwestern, the language placement exam is not required. 

    Curious if language is a degree requirement for your school? Review the June Purple Prep email for your school for a helpful breakdown.

    Exams and Assessments

    Once you have reviewed the above section to determine which exams and exams are relevant to you, find more information on each exam/assessment below, including deadline dates, access links, and contact information.

    Biology Placement Exam 

    This optional exam is recommended for students with a strong background in biology who think they could be ready for BIOL_SCI 202 Cell Biology. The exam covers core competencies in the molecular biology subject area and goes further than most high school AP/IB biology classes. Any student interested in taking this exam should sign up  by July 6. Those who sign up by the deadline will be able to access and complete the exam on Canvas from July 10-23. 

  • Sign up for the exam by July 6.
  • After signing up, access the optional Biology Placement exam on Canvas from July 10-23. 
  • Questions regarding this exam, including access, can be sent to biosci@northwestern.edu. 
    • Initial Chemistry Assessment

    This exam is required for all students—including students with AP Chemistry credit—who plan to take any chemistry course at Northwestern and for all McCormick students regardless of chemistry plans.  The exam is administered on Canvas. Invitations to the Canvas site will be sent directly to students starting on June 1. For more information, visit the Department of Chemistry website.

  • Access the Initial Chemistry Assessment under the courses section on Canvas.
  • If you do not see this exam when you log into Canvas after June 1, please email chemhelp@northwestern.edu for assistance.
  • Complete by July 31.
    • Chemistry Placement Exam

    This placement exam is required in addition to the initial chemistry exam for students planning to take Accelerated General Chemistry (CHEM 171), Organic Chemistry (CHEM 215), or Organic Chemistry for Majors (CHEM 217), regardless of any credit earned through AP or IB examination.  The exam is administered on Canvas.  Invitations to the Canvas site will be sent directly to students starting June 1.

  • If you do not see this exam when you log into Canvas after June 1, please email chemhelp@northwestern.edu for assistance.
  • Complete by July 31.
    • Language Placement Exam

    Language placement policies and procedures vary by department and are only applicable to students who have previously studied a language other than English. Language Placement Exams are not administered via Canvas.

    Department of Mathematics Math Placement Exam

    The math placement exam is required for any non-McCormick student planning to take a calculus course at Northwestern and for all McCormick students. The exam is administered on Canvas. Invitations to the Canvas site will be sent directly to students starting on June 1. For more information, visit the Department of Mathematics website.

  • Access the Math Placement exam under the courses section on Canvas.
  • If you do not see this exam when you log into Canvas after June 1, please email calculus@math.northwestern.edu for assistance.
  • Complete by July 31.
    • Exam Accommodations

    If you need accommodations for an online placement exam or exams, plan to initiate the AccessibleNU (ANU) application process four weeks in advance of your placement test. Please note that language placement exams are not timed.  

    Canvas Invitations

    Canvas is commonly used at Northwestern for accessing course materials, turning in assignments, viewing grades, and handling other academic tasks. You'll use Canvas this summer if certain online placement exams and exams are required for you. Every incoming student is emailed an invitation to join the Canvas exam page even if no exams or exams are required.


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    Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

    Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

    Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

    Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

    Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

    Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

    Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

    Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

    Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

    Höhere Gewalt

    Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

    Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

    Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

    Technisches Versagen

    Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

    Kriminelle Ursachen

    Hackerangriffe

    Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

    Physischer Angriff

    Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

    Erpressung

    Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

    Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

    Cyber-Kosten:

    • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
    • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
    • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
    • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

    Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

    • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
    • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
    • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
    • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
    • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
    • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
    • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

    Cyber-Eigenschäden:

    • Betriebsunterbrechung
    • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
    • Mehrkosten
    • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
    • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
    • Cyber-Erpressung
    • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
    • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
    • Cyber-Betrug