Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : PCCE
Exam Name : NFPA Paralegal CORE Competency exam 2025
Vendor Name : Social-Work-Board
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PCCE exam Format | PCCE Course Contents | PCCE Course Outline | PCCE exam Syllabus | PCCE exam Objectives


The format of the PCC exam follows the proven structure
of NFPAs Paralegal Advanced Competency exam (PACE).

The exam:

- is two and one-half hours in length;

- consists of 125 multiple choice questions;

- is computer administered with instant
preliminary results, followed by official scoring
run results provided at least quarterly;

- is widely available at many testing centers with
examinations given Monday – Friday, and in
some locations, weekends and evenings;

- consists of two domains:

~ Paralegal Practice – 52%

~ Substantive Areas of Law – 48%

- is based on information from coursework in various
paralegal programs and basic knowledge all
paralegals should possess as well as real skills
considered essential to basic paralegal competency;

- is also a test of paralegal ethics, legal technology and
key terminology

to provide the groundwork for expanding paralegal
roles and responsibilities;

- to provide the public and legal community with
a mechanism to gauge the core competencies of
paralegals;

- to be used in states considering the regulation of
paralegals; and

- to be used by paralegal programs as an exit exam
or Assurance of Learning tool.

Bachelors degree in any subject, plus a paralegal certificate;

no experience or CLE required; OR

- Bachelors degree in paralegal studies; no experience or
CLE required; OR

- Bachelors degree in any subject, no paralegal certificate,
6 months experience and 1 hour of ethics taken in the year
preceding the exam application date; OR

- Associates degree in paralegal studies, no experience or
CLE required; OR

- Associates degree in any subject, a paralegal certificate,
no experience or CLE; OR

- Associates degree in any subject, no paralegal certificate,
1 year experience and 6 hours of CLE, including 1 hour of
ethics taken in the year preceding the exam application date; OR

- Paralegal certificate from a program that meets or exceeds
the requirements set forth in NFPAs Short Term Paralegal
Program Position Statement, 1 year experience and 6 hours of
CLE, including 1 hour of ethics, taken in the year preceding
the exam application date; OR

- Active, duty, retired or former military personnel qualified
in a military operation specialty as a paralegal and 1.0 hour of
ethics CLE within the year preceding the exam application; OR

- Candidates who are within two months of graduating and
registered for the PCC exam by a Director of a paralegal
studies program participating in the PCCE Assurance of
Learning (AoL) Program at the Partner level; OR

- High school diploma or GED, 5 years experience and 12 hours
of CLE, including 1 hour of ethics, taken within 2 years
preceding the exam application date.


Complete Topics covered in QAs.
------------------------------
- Legal Terminology, Legal Research, and Legal Writing
- Legal Terminology: Understanding and correctly using legal terms and phrases.
- Examples:
- stare decisis
- res judicata
- voir dire
- subpoena
- tort
- jurisdiction
- liability
- negligence

- Legal Research: Knowledge of research methods and resources.
- Primary vs. secondary sources.
- Use of legal databases
- Westlaw
- LexisNexis
- Citation formats
- Bluebook
- ALWD

- Legal Writing: Drafting legal documents and correspondence.
- Types of legal documents:
- pleadings
- motions
- briefs
- memoranda
- contracts
- correspondence

- Ethics and Professional Practice
- Ethical Rules and Guidelines: Understanding the ethical obligations of paralegals.
- Key concepts:
- confidentiality
- conflicts of interest
- unauthorized practice of law (UPL)
- attorney-client privilege

- NFPA Model Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility.
- State-specific ethical rules and guidelines.
- Professional Responsibility: Role of the paralegal in the legal team.
- Maintaining client confidentiality.
- Avoiding conflicts of interest.
- Proper billing practices and timekeeping

- Legal Technology and Office Administration
- Legal Technology: Use of technology in legal practice.
- Case management software
- Clio
- MyCase
- E-discovery tools and techniques.
- Document management systems.
- Electronic filing (e-filing) systems.

- Office Administration: Managing law office operations.
- File organization and management.
- Calendaring and docketing deadlines.
- Client intake procedures.
- Billing and accounting practices.

- Civil Litigation
- Litigation Process: Understanding the stages of civil litigation.
- Pre-trial:
- pleadings
- discovery
- motions
- settlement negotiations

Trial:
- trial preparation
- courtroom procedures
- evidence presentation

- Post-trial: appeals and enforcement of judgments.
- Key Documents and Procedures:
- Drafting complaints
- answers
- motions.

- Discovery tools:
- interrogatories
- depositions
- requests for production
- Subpoenas and witness preparation.

- Terminologies:
- Summons
- complaint
- answer
- default judgment
- motion to dismiss
- summary judgment

- Substantive Law
- Areas of Law: Basic understanding of key areas of substantive law.
- Contracts:
- Formation
- breach
- remedies

- Torts:
- Negligence
- intentional torts
- strict liability

- Real Property:
- Ownership
- transfers
- leases

- Criminal Law:
- Elements of crimes
- defenses
- procedures

- Family Law:
- Divorce
- custody
- support

- Business Organizations:
- Corporations
- partnerships
- LLCs

- Terminologies:
- Consideration
- breach of contract
- negligence per se
- fee simple
- mens rea
- actus reus
- alimony
- joint venture



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug