Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : PCE-CBC
Exam Name : PCE Certified BreastFeeding Counselor
Vendor Name : Nursing
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PCE-CBC test Format | PCE-CBC Course Contents | PCE-CBC Course Outline | PCE-CBC test Syllabus | PCE-CBC test Objectives
- Lactation Physiology and Anatomy
- Anatomy of the breast
- Physiology of milk production and let-down
- Hormonal influences on lactation
- Nutritional needs of lactating women
- Breastfeeding Techniques
- Proper latch-on and positioning
- Effective milk removal techniques
- Pacifier use and breastfeeding
- Breastfeeding multiples
- Common Breastfeeding Challenges and Solutions
- Sore nipples
- Engorgement
- Mastitis
- Low milk supply
- Plugged ducts
- Breastfeeding after breast surgery
- Infant Feeding and Nutrition
- Newborn feeding cues
- Infant growth and development
- Breastmilk composition and benefits
- Infant formula feeding
- Supplementing breastfed infants
- Introduction of solid foods
- Maternal and Infant Health
- Maternal health conditions and breastfeeding
- Medications and breastfeeding
- Infant health conditions and breastfeeding
- Postpartum depression and breastfeeding
- Counseling Skills and Communication
- Effective communication techniques
- Active listening
- Motivational interviewing
- Counseling skills for different cultural backgrounds
- Building rapport with clients
- Evidence-Based Practice
- Understanding research methodologies
- Critically evaluating research studies
- Applying evidence-based practices to clinical settings
- Professionalism and Ethics
- Professional boundaries
- Confidentiality
- Ethical decision-making
- Maintaining professional certifications
Lactation Physiology and Anatomy
- Breast Anatomy:
- Lobules, ducts, sinuses
- Areola, nipple
- Montgomery tubercles
- Hormonal Influences:
- Prolactin, oxytocin
- Estrogen, progesterone
- Milk Production:
- Lactogenesis stages I, II, and III
- Milk composition
- Factors affecting milk supply
- Milk Let-Down Reflex:
- Neural and hormonal triggers
- Factors influencing let-down
- Breastfeeding Techniques
- Latch-On and Positioning:
- Proper positioning techniques
- Deep latch exam
- Common latching issues and solutions
- Milk Removal Techniques:
- Effective pumping techniques
- Hand expression
- Pacifier Use and Breastfeeding:
- Impact on breastfeeding
- Appropriate pacifier use
- Breastfeeding Multiples:
- Challenges and strategies
- Tandem nursing
- Common Breastfeeding Challenges and Solutions
- Sore Nipples:
- Causes, prevention, and treatment
- Nipple shields
- Engorgement:
- Causes, symptoms, and management
- Mastitis:
- Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
- Low Milk Supply:
- Assessment, interventions, and support
- Plugged Ducts:
- Prevention and treatment
- Breastfeeding After Breast Surgery:
- Impact on breastfeeding
- Strategies for successful breastfeeding
- Infant Feeding and Nutrition
- Newborn Feeding Cues:
- Early hunger cues
- Cluster feeding
- Infant Growth and Development:
- Normal growth patterns
- Weight gain and weight loss
- Breastmilk Composition and Benefits:
- Macronutrients and micronutrients
- Immunological properties
- Infant Formula Feeding:
- Types of formula
- Preparation and storage
- Supplementing Breastfed Infants:
- Methods of supplementation
- Nipple confusion
- Introduction of Solid Foods:
- Timing and guidelines
- Allergen introduction
- Maternal and Infant Health
- Maternal Health Conditions and Breastfeeding:
- Diabetes, hypertension, thyroid disorders
- HIV/AIDS
- Medications and Breastfeeding:
- Medication safety during breastfeeding
- Drug information resources
- Infant Health Conditions and Breastfeeding:
- Jaundice, tongue-tie, cleft lip/palate
- Postpartum Depression and Breastfeeding:
- Impact on breastfeeding
- Support for mothers with postpartum depression
- Counseling Skills and Communication
- Effective Communication Techniques:
- Active listening
- Non-verbal communication
- Empathy
- Motivational Interviewing:
- Guiding principles
- Techniques
- Counseling Skills for Different Cultural Backgrounds:
- Cultural sensitivity
- Addressing cultural beliefs and practices
- Building Rapport with Clients:
- Establishing trust
- Creating a supportive environment
- Evidence-Based Practice
- Understanding Research Methodologies:
- Randomized controlled trials
- Cohort studies
- Case-control studies
- Critically Evaluating Research Studies:
- Bias, confounding, and validity
- Levels of evidence
- Applying Evidence-Based Practices to Clinical Settings:
- Integrating research findings into practice
- Professionalism and Ethics
- Professional Boundaries:
- Maintaining appropriate relationships with clients
- Avoiding dual relationships
- Confidentiality:
- Protecting client information
- HIPAA compliance
- Ethical Decision-Making:
- Ethical principles in lactation counseling
- Resolving ethical dilemmas
- Maintaining Professional Certifications:
- Continuing education requirements
- Professional organizations
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug