Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : PCSAE
Exam Name : Palo Alto Networks Certified Security Automation Engineer
Vendor Name : Palo-Alto
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PCSAE exam Format | PCSAE Course Contents | PCSAE Course Outline | PCSAE exam Syllabus | PCSAE exam Objectives
Exam Specification: PCSAE (Palo Alto Networks Certified Security Automation Engineer)
Exam Name: PCSAE (Palo Alto Networks Certified Security Automation Engineer)
Exam Code: PCSAE
Exam Duration: 80 minutes
Passing Score: Not specified
Exam Format: Multiple-choice
Course Outline:
1. Introduction to Security Automation
- Understanding the role of security automation in modern cybersecurity
- Overview of automation frameworks and technologies
- Benefits and challenges of implementing security automation
2. Security Automation Fundamentals
- Key concepts and principles of security automation
- Common automation tools and platforms
- Automation workflows and scripting languages
3. Palo Alto Networks Security Automation Features
- Overview of Palo Alto Networks security products and features
- Automation capabilities within Palo Alto Networks platform
- Integration of Palo Alto Networks products with third-party automation tools
4. Security Orchestration and Response (SOAR)
- Understanding the role of SOAR in security automation
- SOAR platforms and their capabilities
- Integration of Palo Alto Networks products with SOAR platforms
5. Security Automation Use Cases
- Automation of firewall rule management
- Automated threat detection and response
- Security policy compliance automation
6. Security Automation Best Practices
- Designing effective security automation workflows
- Ensuring security and reliability in automated processes
- Monitoring and managing automated security operations
Exam Objectives:
1. Understand the fundamentals of security automation and its role in modern cybersecurity.
2. Familiarize with common automation tools, platforms, and scripting languages.
3. Gain knowledge of Palo Alto Networks security automation features and capabilities.
4. Learn about security orchestration and response (SOAR) and its integration with Palo Alto Networks products.
5. Explore various security automation use cases, such as firewall rule management and threat detection/response.
6. Acquire best practices for designing and managing secure and reliable security automation workflows.
Exam Syllabus:
Section 1: Introduction to Security Automation (10%)
- Role and importance of security automation in modern cybersecurity
- Overview of automation frameworks and technologies
- Benefits and challenges of implementing security automation
Section 2: Security Automation Fundamentals (20%)
- Key concepts and principles of security automation
- Common automation tools and platforms
- Automation workflows and scripting languages
Section 3: Palo Alto Networks Security Automation Features (20%)
- Overview of Palo Alto Networks security products and features
- Automation capabilities within Palo Alto Networks platform
- Integration of Palo Alto Networks products with third-party automation tools
Section 4: Security Orchestration and Response (SOAR) (15%)
- Role and capabilities of SOAR in security automation
- SOAR platforms and their functionalities
- Integration of Palo Alto Networks products with SOAR platforms
Section 5: Security Automation Use Cases (20%)
- Automation of firewall rule management
- Automated threat detection and response
- Security policy compliance automation
Section 6: Security Automation Best Practices (15%)
- Designing effective security automation workflows
- Ensuring security and reliability in automated processes
- Monitoring and managing automated security operations
----------------------------
- Reference and manipulate context data to manage automation workflow
- Summarize inputs, outputs, and results for playbook tasks
- Configure inputs and outputs for subplaybook tasks
- Enable and configure looping on a subplaybook
- Differentiate among playbook task types
- Manual
- Automated
- Conditional
- Data collection
- Subplaybook
- Apply filters and transformers to manipulate data
- Apply the playbook debugger to aid in developing playbooks
- Configure incident types
- Identify the role of an incident type within the incident lifecycle
- Configure an incident layout
- Fields and buttons
- Tabs
- New/Edit and Close Forms
- Summarize the function, capabilities, and purpose of incident fields
- Configure classifiers and mappers
- Define the capabilities of automation across XSOAR functions
- Playbook tasks
- War room
- Layouts (dynamic sections, buttons)
- Jobs
- Field trigger scripts
- Pre/post-processing
- Differentiate between automations, commands, and scripts
- Interpret and modify automation scripts
- Script helper
- Script settings
- Language types
- Script text
- Identify the properties and capabilities of the XSOAR framework for integration
- Configure and manage integration instances
- Apply marketplace concepts for the management of content
- Searching in marketplace
- Installation and updates
- Dependencies
- Version history
- Partner supported versus XSOAR supported
- Submitting content to the marketplace
- Apply general content customization and management concepts
- Custom versus system content
- Duplicating content
- Importing/exporting custom content
- Version control
- Manage local changes in a remote repository (dev-prod) configuration
- Describe the components of the XSOAR system architecture
- System hardware requirements
- Remote repositories (dev-prod)
- Engines
- Multitenancy
- Elasticsearch/HA
- Docker
- Describe the incident lifecycle within XSOAR
- Define the capabilities of RBAC
- Page access
- Integration permissions
- Incident tabs (layout specification)
- Automation permissions
- Incident viewing permissions by role
- Identify the troubleshooting tools available to obtain more diagnostic information
- Log bundles
- Integration testing
- Identify options available for performance tuning
- Ignore output
- Quiet mode
- Monitor system health using the System Diagnostics page
- Identify methods for querying data
- Indicators
- Incidents
- Dashboards
- Global search
- Summarize the workflow elements used during an investigation
- Layouts
- War Room
- Work Plan
- Evidence Board
- Actions menu
- Interact with layouts for incident management
- Sections
- Fields
- Buttons
- Summarize tools used for managing incidents
- Bulk incident actions
- Table view versus summary view
- Table settings
- Identify the capabilities of existing dashboards and reports
- Summarize what information can be created, edited, or shared within dashboards and reports
- Summarize the capabilities of widget builder
- Identify the parameters available for configuring indicator Objects
- Layouts and types
- Fields
- Reputation scripts and commands
- Expiration
- Generate threat intel reports
- Describe the features of the Threat Intel page
- Unit 42 intel feature
- XSOAR indicators
- Export/import capabilities
- Configure threat intel feed integrations
- Identify the options available to auto extract
- Exclusion list
- Playbook auto extract
- Regex for auto extract
- System defaults
- Extraction settings for incident types
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug